失控的通漲
聯繫匯率這個議題,近來又在香港炒起來!因為美國聯邦儲備局決定在未來兩年保持近零巴仙低息,香港紙掛鈎了美元,金管局沒能憑調控利率控制通漲,失去了工具,沒有了自主,喪失控制的機制,通漲失控!
【明報專訊】評級機構標準普爾下調美國主權信貸評級,美國由官方到民間反彈甚大,質疑標普的降級。評級機構的公信力,確有值得斟酌之處,因為2008年金融海嘯一役,它們對一些有問題次按抵押證券給予高評級,不過,標普下調美國信貸評級的理據,若是信口開河,未引起廣泛共鳴和認同,環球股災就不會出現。所以,標普把美國降級的理據最重要,以此檢視美國和本港的回應,我們發現美國為了面子尊嚴,反應過度,本港則是裏子着火,卻仍然老僧入定,抱着聯繫匯率迷思地一本通書看到老。
標普降美信貸評級 關鍵在事實確鑿理據充分
美國朝野抨擊標普,連有頭有臉的財經翹楚也加入批評行列,例如諾貝爾經濟學獎得主克魯明說標普「無資格」決定美國評級,聯儲局前主席格林斯潘則夸夸其談美國違約機率是零,因為美國可以不斷印鈔票還債云云,以兩人發言一貫予人擲地有聲的權威,這些言詞迹近失格。美國朝野的情緒反彈,可以理解,畢竟這是歷來美國首次失去「AAA」最高評級,對於長期在軍事、政治、經濟稱霸、享受着一哥尊崇地位的美國人,可能需要一個過程來適應降級事實。
其實,標普下調美國主權信貸評級,主要基於3點,一是美國債務狀况堪憂,債務佔國內生產總值(GDP)的比例逐年上升;二是美國國會通過的提高債務上限法案,效力不夠,標普認為美國未來10年最少要削赤4萬億美元,但是法案只削赤2.1萬億至2.5萬億美元;三是標普對美國國會未來應對類似問題能力的信心受挫,因為民主黨和共和黨爭拗,顯示美國政策制定和政治機制的有效性、穩定性和預見性,在持續的財政和經濟挑戰中已經被削弱,下降程度較標普4月18日對美國評級展望訂為負面時更低。
美國以新債償還舊債,並非始於今日,今次美國提高債務上限,如果國會無爭拗、或少爭拗地把債務上限「mark高」,大小債主應異議不大。但是,美國這次黨爭,到最後一刻才達成的協議,削赤總額不足,國會政客在爭議中毫不隱瞞一己政治利益,置國家、人民利益於不顧,美國輿論斥為鬧劇,結合明年美國總統選舉,政客纏鬥勢必更白熱化,而美國經濟會否陷入雙底衰退,明年可能是關鍵年,需要白宮、政府與國會隨時應對,調高債務上限的一幕一幕「惡鬥」,使人驚覺美國經濟、全球經濟會否在政爭中被犧牲。
標普評級成為既定事實之後,民主黨和共和黨相互推諉責任,正好說明兩黨纏鬥方興未艾。我們認為,標普下調美國信貸評級的理據,獲得普遍共鳴和認同,標普主權評級委員會主席錢伯斯(John Chambers)明確表示,未來半年至兩年,仍有三分一機率再下調美國信貸評級,情况包括若美國財政惡化,或國會陷入黨爭,無法就減赤達成共識等。
所以,在金融海嘯中,評級機構的角色雖然備受質疑,但是今次標普把美國降級,乃事實俱在、理據充分、有前瞻性。美國朝野袞袞諸公,為了面子、尊嚴而死雞撐飯蓋的反應未免有失身分了。這種反應,是否折射出美國死不悔改、不從根本着手解決債務問題,值得注意。
28年時移世易 聯繫匯率穩港還是累港?
反觀本港,財政司長曾俊華和金管局總裁陳德霖昨日回應此事時,着重信心喊話,強調美國國債為非常安全和流動性最高的投資和避險工具;另外,陳德霖除了稱聯繫匯率行之有效,是香港金融和貨幣穩定的基石,「我們無意作出改變」之外,還表示目前環境下,外匯基金的投資策略,不會因為評級調低而改變。政府官員和金融局中人對於實施了28年的聯繫匯率,視作圖騰來膜拜,箇中迷思實在令人難以理解。
1983年制訂聯繫匯率,港元與美元掛鈎之時,正值中英會談香港前途安排,人心動盪不安,聯繫匯率作為一個錨,確有穩定香港經濟和金融的作用,但是隨着美元價值不斷下降,或是波幅太大,聯匯早已失去作為錨的功能。聯匯對本港還有什麼好處,政府一直只有籠統「行之有效」、「金融與經濟基石」等說法,具體如何,從未詳細向市民解釋。但是28年變幻,香港經濟對中國大陸與美國市場的依存度,已經發生巨變,一成不變的聯匯制度還能夠切合香港經濟、民生的實際需要嗎?
例如香港與美國經濟周期愈來愈不同步,1997年亞洲金融風暴之後,香港出現通縮和經濟衰退,但是美國經濟好,使香港未能減息救市;2008年金融海嘯,美國以超低利率救市,並兩度推出量化寬鬆政策,香港卻因為背靠中國,經濟向好,即使資金氾濫下,仍不能以加息來壓抑樓市,致使樓市泡沫愈吹愈大,現在美國還可能推出QE3,香港在資產泡沫方面更加被動。
隨着過去10年美元實質貶值31%,加上人民幣持續強勢升值,港元購買力顯著下降,反映在民生承受高通脹、高樓價、高租金等,都與聯匯直接、間接有關。現實生活上,聯匯之於市民,未見其利,先見其害。
我們並非要求政府即時改動聯繫匯率,但是格林斯潘的「不斷印鈔票還債」論調、標普可能「再降級」的警告,若一旦成為事實,屆時香港將如何自處?難道跟隨美元沉淪是香港不能擺脫的宿命?聯繫匯率關乎每一名市民的切身利益,政府執意堅持,必須提出使人信服的資料和理據,因為曾經連續21個月沒有發展商勾地,政府官員也說勾地機制行之有效,市民不要這些空話。總之,今時今日政府堅持聯繫匯率,就要給700萬市民一個解釋。
今趟應該是我 Nth 次,再提出應否讓港幣脫離與美元的聯繫匯率,為何以曾蔭權為首的特區政府還未肯讓港幣脫鈎呢?
各位只要看看星加坡元在 1983年兌換多少港元,跟今天的匯率比較一吓,各位可以立即瑕瑜互見,為何沒有香港般背靠祖國的星加坡,沒有天天上萬的內地自由行旅客,星加坡的幣值兌換港幣,在這些年間卻整整升值了一倍開雙了。
陳德霖說這是行之有效的匯率制度,怎能令港人信服呢?
【東方日報】美元下跌拖累港元匯價,聯繫匯率制度再惹爭議,發鈔行匯豐銀行母公司匯豐控股(00005)的行政總裁歐智華指,雖然香港無即時需要改變聯匯制度,但倘要改動,則與一籃子貨幣掛鈎屬於更佳的模式。金管局隨即重申無計劃改變聯匯之餘,更指與一籃子貨幣掛鈎下,制度更複雜和透明度較低,會失去獨立的貨幣政策。
外幣高企 難作投資
歐智華指,短期內美元仍走下坡,惟目前難以抉擇合適的貨幣作投資,目前歐洲、日本經濟仍然疲弱,惟歐元、日圓、瑞士法郎等貨幣走強,個別亞洲貨幣亦創四十、五十年來新高,而作為美元套息交易的代替品並具備商品元素的加元、澳元更加強勢。
本港聯繫匯率由一九八三年推出至今,經歷多次優化措施,歐智華昨日回應傳媒提問時指,聯匯制度行之有效,令本港經濟環境穩定,雖然並無即時脫鈎的需要,惟他個人認為可以作出檢討,有關檢討應由中港兩地政府和監管機構進行。若真的要作出改動,可以考慮參考一籃子貨幣,而非單一貨幣,另由於人民幣仍未自由兌換,故不應將港元與人民幣掛鈎。
金管局回應本報查詢時指,香港特區政府致力維持行之有效的聯繫匯率制度,並且沒有計劃或打算改變制度。對於香港的細小和外向型經濟,以及作為國際金融及貿易中心,維持匯率對美元的穩定仍然適合香港。
金管速回應聯匯不變
金管局發言人表示,與一籃子貨幣掛鈎的制度並不像與美元掛鈎的貨幣發行局制度般簡單和具透明度。此外,在與一籃子貨幣掛鈎的固定匯率制度下,並沒有獨立的貨幣政策。息率理論上是按籃子貨幣的加權平均而定。
財金界促再優化聯匯
環球經濟變數愈來愈多,建銀國際研究部聯席董事林樵基表示,同意金管局應研究更多優化聯匯的方法,除了可紓緩美元匯價下滑引致的通脹問題外,亦可在金融危機等問題發生時,有更多應對的工具,但他相信,港府短期內不會改變現行聯匯制度。
美國經濟緩慢復甦,林樵基指出,環球貿易以美元為主,即使港元與一籃子貨幣掛鈎,美元仍會佔最大的比重,同樣左右港元匯率大方向。他指出,如果改變聯匯制度,應該以應對整體金融環境改變為由,而非周期性的經濟原因。
工銀亞洲董事兼副總經理黃遠輝表示,相信金管局一直有檢討和研究聯匯制度,相信如改變,與人民幣掛鈎的方法,屬於可配合中港兩地經濟情況和被市場廣泛接受,但先決條件是人民幣可自由兌換。
渣打香港經濟師徐天佑指出,聯匯制度限制匯率風險,令到交易成本亦隨之減低,料未來十年,聯匯不會有太大改變,若擴大至一籃子貨幣掛鈎,將增加港元被衝擊的機會。
聯繫上美元後,為了避免美元和港幣間出現息差,引起匯率波動,香港金管局等如自廢了武功,所有經濟財務工具:neo keynesian policy,fiscal policy,monetary policy,microelectronic policy,macroeconomic policy etc etc 本可用來調節本港經濟和港幣幣值,因為沒能調節利率去襄輔襄成,就變得綁手綁腳,甚至做成助長通漲,釀成或是事倍功半,或是要被擱置一旁,港幣只能被美元牽著鼻子走。
1983年中英談判香港前途,受到金融大鱷狂拋空港幣,令到兌換價低至HK$9.3兌US$1,港英財政司彭勵治(Sir John Henry Bremridge)成立了聯繫匯率制度。又 1998年亞洲金融風暴期間,港元遭到金融大鱷聯手狙擊,聯繫匯率幾近崩潰,特區財政司曾蔭權 (Sir Donald Tsang)統領金管局出戰,最終需動用大量外匯儲備投入股市,之後成立了 Tracker Fund of Hong Kong『盈富基金』。
須要知道1983年曾蔭權還在沙田做芝麻官組織兒童壘球隊,但在1998年曾蔭權已經貴為特區財政司,曾蔭權賴以成名之作,每次有機會都琅琅上口誇誇其言曰:『帶領香港果斷擊退狙擊港幣的大鱷穩定港幣!』曾蔭權常常自比彭勵治。彭勵治不但穩定了港幣,還積極提倡積極不干預政策 Laissez-faire policy 和 小政府大市場 等等政策,奠定香港的黃金時代,之後的翟克誠、麥高樂、曾蔭權,祇是蕭規曹隨,吃先人的儲糧。
不過今次由0005的大班歐智華來講,當然立刻得到以陳德霖為首的金管局回應,還有很多金融界的大阿哥出來講話。美國國債評級被 downgrade,美元匯率拖累埋港幣,連曾俊華今天的財政司也說美債最深最闊。不過他們有沒有申報利益呢?否則他們的評論就會有偏頗矣!
誰也不敢拆曾蔭權的“貞節牌坊”,要脫鈎起碼等候特首換屆後再談,若等曾蔭權退休還有十一個月,而美國維持抵近零利率最少兩年,但失控的通漲卻猛於虎,如我等基層小市民能等得到嗎?
後記:聯匯制度存廢看時勢
【AM730】脫,還是不脫?受美國信貸評級下調及歐債危機夾攻影響,觸發環球股票市場恐慌,本港恒指昨日跌穿20,000點水平;而美國信貸評級被下調,令美元或再長期處於弱勢,進一步拖累與美元掛鈎的港元,這惹來市場再度熱烈討論實施近30年的聯繫匯率制度存廢問題,甚至有聲音要求政府將港元與美元脫鈎,改為與一籃子貨幣掛鈎。
回顧香港作為貿易港口的發展史,大部分時間都採用某種形式的聯匯制度,像1935至1972年與英鎊掛鈎,1972、73年曾有一段短時間與美元掛鈎,在1974年至1983年期間改行浮動匯率制度。
不過,1983年9月港元狂瀉,兩日間貶值了13%,跌至9.6港元兌1美元,為了穩定港元匯價,港府於當年10月,由港英政府財政司彭勵治頒布以1美元兌換7.8港元的固定匯率進行掛鈎,當時考慮美元是本港對外貿易及金融交易的主要貨幣,加上受惠於當時美國相對穩定的貨幣政策,該項安排成為香港目前的貨幣制度的基礎。
香港的聯匯制度屬於「貨幣發行局制度」(Currency Board System),貨幣發行局(金管局)保證本地貨幣可無限制地、以固定匯率兌換為某一外幣,而貨幣基礎的流量及存量均得到外匯儲備的100%支持,貨幣基礎的任何變動,均須有外匯儲備按固定匯率計算的相應配合。
在港元與美元掛鈎近30年間,政府雖一直宣稱制度行之有效,但實際先後經歷多次危機。其中,在1998年亞洲金融風暴期間,港元遭到以索羅斯為首的金融大鱷聯手狙擊,聯繫匯率幾近崩潰。金管局最終需動用大量外匯儲備入市,當時的隔夜拆息更一度高達300厘。
一籃子掛鈎或引大鱷狙擊
至近年美國經濟環境逆轉,美元弱勢,與之掛鈎的港元亦被拖累,港匯價格不斷下跌,近日100日圓已突破兌10港元大關,而人民幣由以往100港元兌對110元人民幣下跌至近期僅兌82、83元人民幣,1澳元亦已升至7.9港元;而在近日美國信貸評級被下調,並觸發包括本港在內的全球股票市場恐慌,有關本港應否繼續與美元掛鈎的爭論又再升溫,專家亦各有話說。
城大商學院工商管理碩士課程主任曾淵滄博士坦言,暫時未有一種制度較掛鈎優勝,「冇絕對優勝理由支持脫鈎」,並指港元一旦改為與一籃子貨幣掛鈎,有機會惹來更多國際大鱷狙擊,增加港元風險。至於本港股市近日跟隨環球股市急挫,曾淵滄認為未必與掛鈎制度有直接關係,「而家冇掛鈎嘅地方股市都跌,同掛唔掛鈎根本冇關係」。不過,他認同現時美元弱勢、人民幣又不斷升值,會令本港通脹問題不斷惡化,直言「呢個就係掛鈎嘅代價」。
浸大經濟系副教授巫伯雄博士則持相反意見,認為本港中長遠應該與美元脫鈎。他指,美元近年持續疲弱,不但影響本港購買力及儲備,而且會進一步推高通脹,對本港中長期發展有負面作用,建議政府參考新加坡脫鈎做法,改為與一籃子貨幣掛鈎,並指只要儲備充足,即可抗衡金融大鱷的狙擊。
經濟師:脫鈎冇問題
至於有港版「末日博士」之稱的交通銀行香港首席經濟師羅家聰則指,港元與美元脫鈎對本港金融市場「冇影響」,但反對將港元改為與一籃子貨幣掛鈎。他解釋,國際市場有問題的貨幣不止一種,「現在日圓歐元同美元都有問題」,羅認為港元根本毋須與其他貨幣掛鈎。他又指,港股大幅下跌與港元和美元掛鈎無關,強調本港作為區內金融中心,且不設沽空限制,「人哋嚟套現有咩問題」。
阿根廷聯匯02年崩潰
放眼看各國情況,目前全球有多個國家實施固定匯率制度,如中東多國貨幣與美元掛鈎、波羅的海三國及保加利亞等貨幣則與歐元掛鈎,而近年不少本來與美元掛鈎的貨幣,包括人民幣及科威特第納爾(Dinar)等,均已改為與一籃子貨幣掛鈎。
若論及與香港聯匯制度較為相似的經濟體系,則要數南美國家阿根廷,然而該國聯匯制度已於02年崩潰,正式與美元脫鈎。
阿根廷原本實行的聯匯制度,與香港一樣同屬「貨幣發行局制度」,如上文所言,需有100%外匯儲備作後盾。反觀其他與美元掛鈎的國家,以海灣多國為例,包括巴林、阿曼、卡塔爾、沙特阿拉伯及阿聯酋等,只實施簡單的掛鈎制度,與過去的人民幣一樣,並不以外匯儲備作擔保。
1991年,阿根廷披索開始與美元以一兌一的比率掛鈎,起初成功控制多年的惡性通脹,穩定了金融市場,亦令投資者信心增加。可是,聯匯制度的一大缺點,是把本土經濟與美國掛鈎,令政府未能透過調整匯率,調節本土經濟。
99年,鄰國巴西爆發金融危機,巴西貨幣急速貶值,阿根廷出口當地的產品,立時喪失競爭力,加上阿根廷公共開支過大,只能靠舉債度日,經濟逐步陷入困境,失業率高達18%、政府瀕臨破產,國家主權信貸評級被標準普爾連降3級至CC級,處於全球最低水平。
此外,在「貨幣發行局制度」下,阿根廷披索兌換美元時,必須有美元儲備作保證,但當時阿根廷貿易赤字不斷擴大,市場便開始質疑央行作為最後貸款人的能力,令阿根廷披索出現信心危機。當局最終在02年宣布把阿根廷披索與美元脫鈎,被迫放棄堅持了10年的聯匯制度,讓阿根廷披索自由浮動,此後香港便成為全球唯一在「貨幣發行局制度」下,與美元掛鈎的聯匯地區。
反對本港現階段與美元脫鈎的聲音認為,本港的經濟基調與阿根廷不同,不但沒有外債,兼坐擁龐大外匯儲備,在人民幣尚未可自由兌換下,港元仍有與美元(或改為與一籃子貨幣掛鈎)的需要。
近年多國貨幣均脫鈎
回看近年各國貨幣與美元脫鈎的消息,最震撼的自是05年,內地人民銀行突然宣布人民幣與美元脫鈎,改為參考一籃子貨幣,讓人民幣一口氣小幅升值。馬來西亞同年亦隨即宣布取消與美元的固定匯率制度,由「可管理的浮動匯率機制」(managed float、容許匯率在貨幣當局確定的區間內波動)取代。
另一個與美元脫鈎的國家則是科威特,由於美元持續貶值、擔心進口價格上升,該國於07年5月底把其貨幣與美元脫鈎,改為跟一籃子貨幣掛鈎。區內的敘利亞,也於同年7月將其貨幣與美元脫鈎,改與一籃子貨幣,包括歐元、美元、日圓及英鎊等掛鈎。
除了以上「脫鈎事件」,羅家聰認為,一些規模較小的經濟體,例如東南亞及拉丁美洲國家,為減少匯率變動對生意的影響,均會宣稱自己的貨幣與主要貨幣「掛鈎」,但實際上「暗啞底已脫咗鈎」。
聯匯制度存廢看時勢,時機一到,就要果斷實行絕不手軟,失去就難返,甚麽時候才是脫鈎最佳時機呢?陣痛療法一步到位呢?還是慢慢放寬匯率上下波幅呢?就要考考將來香港財經官員的功力、魄力、牙力,和金融界才俊的獻計!
後後記:2012年6月12日 前金管局總裁 任志剛 在中大 Institute of global economics and finance (IGEF去) 全球經濟及金融研究所,發表了:
香港貨幣體制的未來(全文) CUHK IGEF
The future of the monetary system of Hong Kong (Full Text) CUHK IGEF
【明報專訊】近30年來一直捍衛聯繫匯率制度的金管局前總裁任志剛,突然「打倒昨日的我」,發表論文指聯匯雖然在香港行之有效,但本身並非一個終點,政府應視乎公眾利益,決定聯匯去留,可考慮的選擇包括跟美元脫鈎、擴寬聯匯的可兌換範圍(即1美元兌7.75港元至7.85美元)等。
論文一出,候任特首梁振英、財政司長曾俊華及金管局總裁陳德霖均現身反駁任志剛,表示無意改變聯匯制度,其中梁振英稱任志剛的意見「與我和我即將就任的政府完全無關」。
去年的文章說:『聯匯制度存廢看時勢,時機一到,就要果斷實行絕不手軟,失去就難返,甚麽時候才是脫鈎最佳時機呢?陣痛療法一步到位呢?還是慢慢放寬匯率上下波幅呢?就要考考將來香港財經官員的功力、魄力、牙力,和金融界才俊的獻計!』
如今 任志剛 獻計了,可惜傳出新的一屆主要財金官員,仍然是:曾俊華、陳家強、陳德霖,加上只懂我忘記了,和我沒有補充的 CY,我們市民可以祈望有甚麽改變呢? 唉!。。。。。。。。。。。唉!
伸延閱覽:
聯匯迷思 政府欠市民一個解釋 雅虎新聞網
聯匯應與一籃子貨幣掛勾 雅虎新聞網
歐智華倡港元鈎一籃子貨幣 雅虎新聞網
聯匯制度存廢 AM730新聞網
匯率與民生 曾俊華財政司網誌 gov.hk
任志剛突倡改聯匯 新浪新聞網
我的舊文(一時間未能盡錄):
用一籃子商品為港幣下錨
連僅餘的都被通漲侵蝕埋
一國兩幣還是兩弊
從溫家寶談的憂慮到曾蔭權說的港幣脫鈎
怎去分辯 真 Real Genuine 偽 Fake Counterfeit 眼見都未為真。 合法 依法 Legitimate 是否必然包含:公平 公正 和 公義 呢? The wise speaks when he has something to say. The fool speaks when he has to say something 。 。 。 。 。 。。。。。。 一個沒有內涵的小男人﹐顧名 "the inner space".
瘋人瘋語
「我離港前到過一間精神科醫院。當時有位病人禮貌地問,一個以作為世上最悠久民主政體而自傲的國家,如何能夠將此地交給一個政治制度非常不同的國家,且既沒諮詢當地公民,又沒給予他們民主的前景,好讓他們捍衞自己的將來。一個隨行同事說,奇怪,香港提出最理智問題的人,竟在精神科醫院。」彭定康 金融時報 “During a visit to a mental hospital before I left Hong Kong, a patient politely asked me how a country that prided itself on being the oldest democracy in the world had come to be handing over his city to another country with a very different system of government, without either consulting the citizens or giving them the prospect of democracy to safeguard their future. Strange, said one of my aides, that the man with the sanest question in Hong Kong is in a mental hospital.”Chris Patten Financial Times
Non Chinese literate friends, please simply switch to English Version provided by LOUSY Google Translation
Please participate in the unregistered demography survey of visitors at the right hand side bar. You are: ?
敬請參與在右下方的不記名訪客分佈調查問卷,你是: ?
Friday, August 12, 2011
Wednesday, August 10, 2011
世界經濟的寄生蟲
世界經濟的寄生蟲
我的舊文:“你用膳 我付鈔? ”是借用江澤民主席的名句:“你請客 我付鈔!”當時正值中英談判有關興建新香港機場的財務安排,我只是借用了並略為修改,成為我網文的標題,說全世界借了US$14,300,000,000,000給美國人,讓他們得以繼續享受美式的民主。
今有俄羅斯的前總統現任總理大人 普京 先生說:
Putin says:US a 'parasite' on world economy
【vanguard】Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin on Monday accused the United States of acting as a “parasite” on the world economy by accumulating massive debts that threaten the global financial system.
“The country is living in debt. It is not living within its means, shifting the weight of responsibility on other countries and in a way acting as a parasite,” Putin told a group of pro-Kremlin youth in central Russia.
He also suggested that Washington may have been flirting with the idea of a default in order to weaken the dollar “and create better conditions for exporting their goods.
“But they had enough common sense and responsibility” to avoid a default, Russia’s former president added.
US President Barack Obama on Sunday announced an 11th hour debt deal that will allow the country to avoid its first default in history while pushing ahead with a painful austerity plan designed to slash Washington’s swelling debt.
The deal was met initially with relief on global financial markets and saw Moscow’s two stock exchanges open the day up about two percent but investors then began to have doubts about the plan and gains were reversed sharply.
Putin has repeatedly criticised the United States’ recent foreign exchange policy and its propensity to cover budget deficits with treasury bills and bonds held by sovereign clients such as China and Russia.
The value of that paper will shrink if US debt is downgraded by a major Western ratings agency and Putin was insistent Monday that the world should be seeking new reserve currencies for trade and savings.
“If the US encounters a systemic malfunction, this affects everyone,” Putin told the Seliger camp gathering. “There should be other reserve currencies.”
Putin added that the debt agreement announced by Obama “was not that great overall because it simply delayed the adoption of a more systemic solution.”
普京先生說得比我更直接淺白:美國是世界經濟的寄生蟲! 首先讓我們知道多一些關於“寄生主義” Parasitism。
【維基百科】Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between organisms of different species where one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host.
Parasites are classified based on their interactions with their hosts and on their life cycles.
Parasites that live on the surface of the host are called ectoparasites (e.g. some mites) and those that live inside the host are called endoparasites (including all parasitic worms).
Endoparasites can exist in one of two forms: intercellular (inhabiting spaces in the host’s body) or intracellular (inhabiting cells in the host’s body). Intracellular parasites, such as bacteria or viruses, tend to rely on a third organism which is generally known as the carrier or vector.
The vector does the job of transmitting them to the host. An example of this interaction is the transmission of malaria, caused by a protozoan of the genus Plasmodium, to humans by the bite of an anopheline mosquito.
An epiparasite is one that feeds on another parasite. This relationship is also sometimes referred to as hyperparasitism which may be exemplified by a protozoan (the hyperparasite) living in the digestive tract of a flea living on a dog.
Social parasites take advantage of interactions between members of social organisms such as ants or termites. In kleptoparasitism, parasites appropriate food gathered by the host. An example is the brood parasitism practiced by many species of cuckoo and cowbird, which do not build nests of their own but rather deposit their eggs in nests of other species and abandon them there.
The host behaves as a "babysitter" as they raise the young as their own. If the host removes the cuckoo's eggs, some cuckoos will return and attack the nest to compel host birds to remain subject to this parasitism.
The cowbird’s parasitism does not necessarily harm its host’s brood; however, the cuckoo may remove one or more host eggs to avoid detection, and furthermore the young cuckoo may heave the host’s eggs and nestlings from the nest.
Parasitism can take the form of isolated cheating or exploitation among more generalized mutualistic interactions. For example, broad classes of plants and fungi exchange carbon and nutrients in common mutualistic mycorrhizal relationships; however, some plant species known as myco-heterotrophs "cheat" by taking carbon from a fungus rather than donating it.
Parasitoids are organisms whose larval development occurs inside or on the surface of another organism, resulting in the death of the host. This means that the interaction between the parasitoid and the host is fundamentally different from that of a true parasite and shares some of the characteristics of predation.
An adelpho-parasite is a parasite in which the host species is closely related to the parasite, often being a member of the same family or genus. An example of this is the citrus blackfly parasitoid, Encarsia perplexa, unmated females of which may lay haploid eggs in the fully developed larvae of their own species. These result in the production of male offspring. The marine worm Bonellia viridis has a similar reproductive strategy, although the larvae are planktonic.
Traditionally parasite referred to organisms with lifestages that went beyond one host.
恕我中英文粗疏,我不打算翻譯成中文,大家只需 Google 一吓便成,不贅。
就近來美國國債上限的兩黨談判,民主和共和兩黨的議員們、議長、多數派領袖、少數派領袖,用盡可以發揮的民主主義賦予的權力,大玩其政治遊戲,於水浸眼眉的最後兩週,兩黨翩翩起舞,卻舞出個大龍鳳,雖然最終得到兩黨同意提高國債上限兩萬億美元,據說可以足夠去多借國債,用來支付未來兩年的財政開支,但要賠出了 Triiple A 的國家主權債務評級,被 S&P 標普 降為 AA+ 評級。
關於債務違約,評級下降,在事後孔明,偉大的阿倫斯潘出來說風涼話 。。。。。。
Alan Greenspan, Former Chairman of the Federal Reserve: "Very much so. This is not an issue of credit rating, the United States can pay any debt it has because we can always print money to do that. So, there is zero probability of default."
中國創辦的 大公國際信貸評級 Dagong Global Credit Rating:Dagong has downgraded the local and foreign currency long term sovereign credit rating of the United States of America (hereinafter referred to as “United States” ) from “AA” to “A+“, which reflects its deteriorating debt repayment capability and drastic decline of the government’s intention of debt repayment.
根本美國有沒有意向還款的呢?格林斯潘說很明白了吧。就在國債上限在水浸眼眉之時,於死線前通過了調整增多兩萬億,據說可以足夠支付未來兩年的聯邦財政開支,但是兩黨貌合神離的舞蹈,引來標普對美國主權債務評級下降為 AA+,失去了 triple A 最高評級,引起了全球金融界的動盪,股票市場蒸發了數萬億美元的價格,全世界都受累了。
美國式的民主於國家級別,設有眾議院和參議院,內面又一大班眾議員參議員,除了黨部的辦公室和專業團隊外,每位參議員眾議員他她們除了在所屬州份設有辦公室外,在華盛頓有另設有辦公室,聘請顧有一大班不同範疇律師團、各行各業專家團、資料收集隊、民意調查隊、文書工作隊 etc etc 去輔助議員了解每一個議案,發表在議事廳內外的言論,和最終選擇投票的意向。
以上所有的就是為了保存美式的民主制度,是美國聯邦政府總經費的部份開支,也即是靠借國債得來金錢,讓其繼續維持運作,讓其可以支付薪金給員工,交水費交電費,交通費 etc etc。美國人先使未來錢,靠每季發新的國債去償還利息,除了利疊利之外,再要借更多些債,去繼續推行美國的霸權主義,派發失業救濟金給國民,支付聯邦機構員工的薪酬 etc etc。
美國人卻凡事、每事、事事都要管,在地球上每一個角落,都派有美國間諜和特工,美國艦隊在全球各區海洋游弋,實行大美國霸權主義,宣揚美國式民主,強逼別國跟從,強加於人。美國式民主,是要在國內國外的花費巨額金錢,去保衛她的民主,保持她的民主,保存她的民主,如今美國發債已經超過了一萬四千三百萬億元的國債,今次還增加了兩萬億元的上限,美式民主是一個花費巨額金錢的民主主義。
更可懼者:美國式的民主是實施霸權主義,而全球購買了美國國債,無論是個人、機構、銀行、中央銀行、國家,正在供養著美國!
伸延閱覽:
美國國債 維基百科
Putin says:US a 'parasite' on world economy vanguardngr.com
我的舊文:
你用膳 我付鈔?
我的舊文:“你用膳 我付鈔? ”是借用江澤民主席的名句:“你請客 我付鈔!”當時正值中英談判有關興建新香港機場的財務安排,我只是借用了並略為修改,成為我網文的標題,說全世界借了US$14,300,000,000,000給美國人,讓他們得以繼續享受美式的民主。
今有俄羅斯的前總統現任總理大人 普京 先生說:
Putin says:US a 'parasite' on world economy
【vanguard】Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin on Monday accused the United States of acting as a “parasite” on the world economy by accumulating massive debts that threaten the global financial system.
“The country is living in debt. It is not living within its means, shifting the weight of responsibility on other countries and in a way acting as a parasite,” Putin told a group of pro-Kremlin youth in central Russia.
He also suggested that Washington may have been flirting with the idea of a default in order to weaken the dollar “and create better conditions for exporting their goods.
“But they had enough common sense and responsibility” to avoid a default, Russia’s former president added.
US President Barack Obama on Sunday announced an 11th hour debt deal that will allow the country to avoid its first default in history while pushing ahead with a painful austerity plan designed to slash Washington’s swelling debt.
The deal was met initially with relief on global financial markets and saw Moscow’s two stock exchanges open the day up about two percent but investors then began to have doubts about the plan and gains were reversed sharply.
Putin has repeatedly criticised the United States’ recent foreign exchange policy and its propensity to cover budget deficits with treasury bills and bonds held by sovereign clients such as China and Russia.
The value of that paper will shrink if US debt is downgraded by a major Western ratings agency and Putin was insistent Monday that the world should be seeking new reserve currencies for trade and savings.
“If the US encounters a systemic malfunction, this affects everyone,” Putin told the Seliger camp gathering. “There should be other reserve currencies.”
Putin added that the debt agreement announced by Obama “was not that great overall because it simply delayed the adoption of a more systemic solution.”
普京先生說得比我更直接淺白:美國是世界經濟的寄生蟲! 首先讓我們知道多一些關於“寄生主義” Parasitism。
【維基百科】Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between organisms of different species where one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host.
Parasites are classified based on their interactions with their hosts and on their life cycles.
Parasites that live on the surface of the host are called ectoparasites (e.g. some mites) and those that live inside the host are called endoparasites (including all parasitic worms).
Endoparasites can exist in one of two forms: intercellular (inhabiting spaces in the host’s body) or intracellular (inhabiting cells in the host’s body). Intracellular parasites, such as bacteria or viruses, tend to rely on a third organism which is generally known as the carrier or vector.
The vector does the job of transmitting them to the host. An example of this interaction is the transmission of malaria, caused by a protozoan of the genus Plasmodium, to humans by the bite of an anopheline mosquito.
An epiparasite is one that feeds on another parasite. This relationship is also sometimes referred to as hyperparasitism which may be exemplified by a protozoan (the hyperparasite) living in the digestive tract of a flea living on a dog.
Social parasites take advantage of interactions between members of social organisms such as ants or termites. In kleptoparasitism, parasites appropriate food gathered by the host. An example is the brood parasitism practiced by many species of cuckoo and cowbird, which do not build nests of their own but rather deposit their eggs in nests of other species and abandon them there.
The host behaves as a "babysitter" as they raise the young as their own. If the host removes the cuckoo's eggs, some cuckoos will return and attack the nest to compel host birds to remain subject to this parasitism.
The cowbird’s parasitism does not necessarily harm its host’s brood; however, the cuckoo may remove one or more host eggs to avoid detection, and furthermore the young cuckoo may heave the host’s eggs and nestlings from the nest.
Parasitism can take the form of isolated cheating or exploitation among more generalized mutualistic interactions. For example, broad classes of plants and fungi exchange carbon and nutrients in common mutualistic mycorrhizal relationships; however, some plant species known as myco-heterotrophs "cheat" by taking carbon from a fungus rather than donating it.
Parasitoids are organisms whose larval development occurs inside or on the surface of another organism, resulting in the death of the host. This means that the interaction between the parasitoid and the host is fundamentally different from that of a true parasite and shares some of the characteristics of predation.
An adelpho-parasite is a parasite in which the host species is closely related to the parasite, often being a member of the same family or genus. An example of this is the citrus blackfly parasitoid, Encarsia perplexa, unmated females of which may lay haploid eggs in the fully developed larvae of their own species. These result in the production of male offspring. The marine worm Bonellia viridis has a similar reproductive strategy, although the larvae are planktonic.
Traditionally parasite referred to organisms with lifestages that went beyond one host.
恕我中英文粗疏,我不打算翻譯成中文,大家只需 Google 一吓便成,不贅。
就近來美國國債上限的兩黨談判,民主和共和兩黨的議員們、議長、多數派領袖、少數派領袖,用盡可以發揮的民主主義賦予的權力,大玩其政治遊戲,於水浸眼眉的最後兩週,兩黨翩翩起舞,卻舞出個大龍鳳,雖然最終得到兩黨同意提高國債上限兩萬億美元,據說可以足夠去多借國債,用來支付未來兩年的財政開支,但要賠出了 Triiple A 的國家主權債務評級,被 S&P 標普 降為 AA+ 評級。
關於債務違約,評級下降,在事後孔明,偉大的阿倫斯潘出來說風涼話 。。。。。。
Alan Greenspan, Former Chairman of the Federal Reserve: "Very much so. This is not an issue of credit rating, the United States can pay any debt it has because we can always print money to do that. So, there is zero probability of default."
中國創辦的 大公國際信貸評級 Dagong Global Credit Rating:Dagong has downgraded the local and foreign currency long term sovereign credit rating of the United States of America (hereinafter referred to as “United States” ) from “AA” to “A+“, which reflects its deteriorating debt repayment capability and drastic decline of the government’s intention of debt repayment.
根本美國有沒有意向還款的呢?格林斯潘說很明白了吧。就在國債上限在水浸眼眉之時,於死線前通過了調整增多兩萬億,據說可以足夠支付未來兩年的聯邦財政開支,但是兩黨貌合神離的舞蹈,引來標普對美國主權債務評級下降為 AA+,失去了 triple A 最高評級,引起了全球金融界的動盪,股票市場蒸發了數萬億美元的價格,全世界都受累了。
美國式的民主於國家級別,設有眾議院和參議院,內面又一大班眾議員參議員,除了黨部的辦公室和專業團隊外,每位參議員眾議員他她們除了在所屬州份設有辦公室外,在華盛頓有另設有辦公室,聘請顧有一大班不同範疇律師團、各行各業專家團、資料收集隊、民意調查隊、文書工作隊 etc etc 去輔助議員了解每一個議案,發表在議事廳內外的言論,和最終選擇投票的意向。
以上所有的就是為了保存美式的民主制度,是美國聯邦政府總經費的部份開支,也即是靠借國債得來金錢,讓其繼續維持運作,讓其可以支付薪金給員工,交水費交電費,交通費 etc etc。美國人先使未來錢,靠每季發新的國債去償還利息,除了利疊利之外,再要借更多些債,去繼續推行美國的霸權主義,派發失業救濟金給國民,支付聯邦機構員工的薪酬 etc etc。
美國人卻凡事、每事、事事都要管,在地球上每一個角落,都派有美國間諜和特工,美國艦隊在全球各區海洋游弋,實行大美國霸權主義,宣揚美國式民主,強逼別國跟從,強加於人。美國式民主,是要在國內國外的花費巨額金錢,去保衛她的民主,保持她的民主,保存她的民主,如今美國發債已經超過了一萬四千三百萬億元的國債,今次還增加了兩萬億元的上限,美式民主是一個花費巨額金錢的民主主義。
更可懼者:美國式的民主是實施霸權主義,而全球購買了美國國債,無論是個人、機構、銀行、中央銀行、國家,正在供養著美國!
伸延閱覽:
美國國債 維基百科
Putin says:US a 'parasite' on world economy vanguardngr.com
我的舊文:
你用膳 我付鈔?
Sunday, August 07, 2011
說三道四
說三道四
香港明報每個週六,都有外地評論摘要,為了解翻譯出來的中文稿子,與原來的英文原本文章有何差異,我通常會在網上搜尋原文閱讀。 以前很也曾經多次,把兩篇中英兩文一起轉載,方便網友參考,當然也方便自己以後查閱。
誠然,過去兩週來,中外的新聞不斷:黃主任的言論、美國會兩黨為美債上限角力、新疆恐怖襲擊與殲暴、全球股災蒸發兩萬億美元、菲傭居留權施法覆核等等,最繫我心者,還是:七二三動車追撞事件。
【明報專訊】中國的動車意外,繼續引來外地傳媒關注,除了中國官僚貪腐問題及高鐵是否「大躍進」備受指摘外,內地打壓傳媒報道的手段也引來強烈批評。
外地評論摘要:美國《華爾街日報》8月3日
高鐵殘骸被埋 問責也被埋(WSJ:China's Wreckage Under Wraps)
天災和工業慘案,在新中國並非新事,但導致40人死亡(官方數字)的7‧23高鐵相撞意外,卻可能發展成另一類事件。中國新聞從業員和公眾都在反抗官方審查,就政府自詡全球最先進的鐵路系統要求得到更多的資訊。餘下來拭目以待的是,究竟事故引發的民憤會否迫使共黨政府,改變它處理尷尬事件的一貫做法。
北京政府上周五下令國內傳媒封口之前,國內報章整整一星期的社論,都在嚴厲質詢官員是否罔顧乘客性命,鐵道部發言人在記者會上飽受記者圍攻。有人在微博上寫:「當一個國家腐敗到一次雷擊就能導致火車意外,我們沒有一個人能置身事外……今天的中國就是在風雷暴雨中疾走的列車,我們全都是乘客。」
這種對政府弊病的公開批評,令人期望中國是否在發展出能監察政府的傳媒,但恐怕未必。北京已學懂了如何先讓公眾發泄民憤,然後就阻止能帶來真正問責的跟進報道出現。
四川大地震之初,記者們即時就指出校舍是受震尤其嚴重的建築,好幾份報章刊登專題質疑是否涉及腐敗或豆腐渣工程,但翌月民辦傳媒的記者就被下令撤出災場。
同樣,在毒奶粉事件中,政府為防問題愈掘愈深,很快推出官方版本並強令傳媒統一報道口徑,毒奶受害人家長趙連海為伸權益,竟受威脅甚至下獄。
中國政府上周在壓力下聲稱會改革鐵路系統,總理溫家寶承諾會有「公平透明的調查」,但政府如此鐵腕鎮壓言論,任何改革都不可能在公眾監察下推行。
有人形容,官方控制傳媒的手腕升級已為「控制2.0」。這也許能在短線維持穩定局面,但卻會令導致民怨的問題坐大,隨著每次事故在受控前,要發泄的民憤不斷增多,有一天可能政府再也無法鎮得住人們要求答問的呼聲。
究竟外國人是怎樣看呢?借用國內用語:外國人是怎樣說三道四呢?
【Wall Street Journal】China's Wreckage Under Wraps
Without accountability, each tragedy sparks greater public anger.
Modern China is no stranger to natural and industrial disasters. Yet the July 23 high-speed train crash that left 40 people dead and another 191 injured—according to the official tally—could become a different kind of event.
Chinese journalists and ordinary citizens are resisting government censorship and pressing for more information about the safety of a rail system the government has touted as the most advanced in the world.
What remains to be seen is whether the outrage the crash has provoked will force the regime to refashion its standard procedures for dealing with embarrassing—and revealing—events.
On Friday the government decided to curtail domestic media coverage of the accident after a week of sharp editorials asking whether official neglect cost the trains' passengers their lives. At a press conference with the railways ministry, journalists grilled the ministry's cowed-looking spokesman.
"When a country is so corrupt that one lightning strike can cause a train crash . . . none of us is immune," one person wrote on Sina Weibo, the country's most popular microblogging service. "China today is a train rushing through a lightning storm . . . we are all passengers."
This kind of open criticism of the government's failures raises expectations that China is developing a watchdog media. If only that were true. The regime has learned how to allow the public to vent and then prevent the follow-up reporting that would bring true accountability.
When a magnitude-7.9 earthquake ravaged Sichuan province in May 2008, reporters noted immediately that schoolhouses had been particularly hard-hit. Several newspapers published pointed stories asking whether corruption and inadequate building standards were responsible for the high number of school-age victims. Yet by mid-June of that year reporters from the commercial media were being recalled from the scene.
Likewise when toxic milk powder sickened thousands of infants in 2008, the government rushed its version of events out to the public in order to pre-empt those who would dig deeper.
The media were not silenced; rather they were forced to hew rigidly to the official line that contamination was under control and recalls were limited. Activist Zhao Lianhai, who tried to expose the cover-up and demanded greater compensation for the families, was threatened and then jailed.
After intense public pressure the Chinese government last week declared it would work to reform the rail system. When Premier Wen Jiabao visited the crash site last Thursday, he promised a "fair and transparent investigation." But now that the state has pressed its heavy hand, any reforms will be undertaken outside of the public gaze.
For now, too many questions about last month's crash remain unanswered. Reporters who arrived on the scene the day after the crash found crews busy burying the wrecked carriages in the mud, as if to conceal the evidence.
Rescue workers seemed more interested in restoring rail service than in recovering wounded passengers. The official death toll was suspiciously volatile. Many suspect that a cover-up was underway from the start.
Chinese media watchers like Qian Gang, who writes on the previous page, have dubbed the government's more sophisticated policies to control the media "Control 2.0." While this regime may maintain stability in the short term, it allows the problems that cause public distrust to fester.
Mothers still flock anxiously to Hong Kong to buy foreign milk powder for their infants, and ticket sales for the high-speed trains have collapsed. As each incident requires a bigger venting of anger before it can be contained, the day may be approaching when the government is unable to put the lid back on and deny the Chinese people's demands for answers.
我的英文不算好,只可勉強是夠用,故此不敢評論明報是否翻譯和摘要得宜,各位網友們可以自讀、自衡、自量、自斷。我就較為享受原汁原味!
WSJ 顯示這文是 Review and Outlook 是沒有處名的文章,也不是 Editorial 社評,我只可以理解成是 WSJ 華爾街日報 內部自己人寫的或是約稿,因為沒有處名,文責看來似是由 WSJ 肩負吧。
上文不是翻譯外電新聞報導的 FACTS 實況,而是翻譯轉載華爾街日報的八月三日的評論 REVIEW and OUTLOOK。不過原來明報已經做了翻譯後的“去蕪存菁”,摘要後才刊登出來,公開予讀者閱讀,而不是全文一段不漏全部展示,我不知道報章報社雙互之間的協議,也是非我後所能及。
看電視新聞,除了一貫的亞記亞洲台和無記互動新聞台,我都有收看鳳凰衛視和有線電視的新聞報導,若有國際大新聞則兼看 BBC(World),CNN(International),和 AJE (Al Jazeera 半島的英語頻道),務求得到更多方面收集而來的更多資訊。
曾在舊文寫過:『被稱為「中國CNN」的官方新華社主辦國際新聞電視台「中國國際電視台」(CITV)將於明天(按:2009年11月18日)開始試播。』至今尚未有看到過,是否已經無疾而終呢?還是尚在試播試播在試播中,從來未正式開播呢?
新聞消息的傳播,由遠古的口述至到筆錄,由月刊週報到日報,再由日報轉至電台,透過有電線的收音機窄播新聞,再轉至向無線電收音機進行廣播新聞,又再由有線電視台發展至無線電視廣播新聞,直至今時是利用衛星向全球廣播新聞。
於國際社會雖云:新聞自由,新聞報導應該依據 facts 實況實據,據實報導,至於是否能辦得到呢?這是後話。而評論文章例如:社評 editorial 評論 review 就可以 take sided 有先決立場。我時常強調讀報、讀新聞、看新聞、還有讀歷史要多讀,若能多讀經由不同的源和 perspective 發表的報導與評論,經過消化了解後,然後“去蕪存菁“,最為重要。
在這資訊發達的時代,新聞是24小時每週七天年中無休,即時的才是新聞,之後再重覆的只可稱舊聞(歷史)。但不改的是,人們總愛在事後作出評論,不管是有先見之明,還是馬後礮,人總是愛繼續說三道四。不過我也慶幸,還能在特區繼續寫我的 blog。
補遺:
明報還有另一篇外地評論摘要:“高鐵慘劇 掀動中產造反”英國《金融時報》8月4日評論版文章作者:David Pilling。Financial Times:”China crashes into a middle class revolt“ By David Pilling。各位網友們,有暇可以細讀精讀原裝全文和中譯的摘要,了解了解!
後記:
本文寫於農曆七月七日七夕晚上,七夕之夜相傳是牛郎織女,一年一度鵲橋相會的日子,謹祝:所有有情人終成眷屬!
伸延閱覽:
China's Wreckage Under Wraps WSJ.com
高鐵殘骸被埋 問責也被埋《華爾街日報》 新浪新聞網
China crashes into a middle class revolt FT.com
高鐵慘劇 掀動中產造反《金融時報》David Pilling 新浪新聞網
我的舊文:
再說三道四
中國人不是頻危物種
好的試點中國CNN~CITV
香港明報每個週六,都有外地評論摘要,為了解翻譯出來的中文稿子,與原來的英文原本文章有何差異,我通常會在網上搜尋原文閱讀。 以前很也曾經多次,把兩篇中英兩文一起轉載,方便網友參考,當然也方便自己以後查閱。
誠然,過去兩週來,中外的新聞不斷:黃主任的言論、美國會兩黨為美債上限角力、新疆恐怖襲擊與殲暴、全球股災蒸發兩萬億美元、菲傭居留權施法覆核等等,最繫我心者,還是:七二三動車追撞事件。
【明報專訊】中國的動車意外,繼續引來外地傳媒關注,除了中國官僚貪腐問題及高鐵是否「大躍進」備受指摘外,內地打壓傳媒報道的手段也引來強烈批評。
外地評論摘要:美國《華爾街日報》8月3日
高鐵殘骸被埋 問責也被埋(WSJ:China's Wreckage Under Wraps)
天災和工業慘案,在新中國並非新事,但導致40人死亡(官方數字)的7‧23高鐵相撞意外,卻可能發展成另一類事件。中國新聞從業員和公眾都在反抗官方審查,就政府自詡全球最先進的鐵路系統要求得到更多的資訊。餘下來拭目以待的是,究竟事故引發的民憤會否迫使共黨政府,改變它處理尷尬事件的一貫做法。
北京政府上周五下令國內傳媒封口之前,國內報章整整一星期的社論,都在嚴厲質詢官員是否罔顧乘客性命,鐵道部發言人在記者會上飽受記者圍攻。有人在微博上寫:「當一個國家腐敗到一次雷擊就能導致火車意外,我們沒有一個人能置身事外……今天的中國就是在風雷暴雨中疾走的列車,我們全都是乘客。」
這種對政府弊病的公開批評,令人期望中國是否在發展出能監察政府的傳媒,但恐怕未必。北京已學懂了如何先讓公眾發泄民憤,然後就阻止能帶來真正問責的跟進報道出現。
四川大地震之初,記者們即時就指出校舍是受震尤其嚴重的建築,好幾份報章刊登專題質疑是否涉及腐敗或豆腐渣工程,但翌月民辦傳媒的記者就被下令撤出災場。
同樣,在毒奶粉事件中,政府為防問題愈掘愈深,很快推出官方版本並強令傳媒統一報道口徑,毒奶受害人家長趙連海為伸權益,竟受威脅甚至下獄。
中國政府上周在壓力下聲稱會改革鐵路系統,總理溫家寶承諾會有「公平透明的調查」,但政府如此鐵腕鎮壓言論,任何改革都不可能在公眾監察下推行。
有人形容,官方控制傳媒的手腕升級已為「控制2.0」。這也許能在短線維持穩定局面,但卻會令導致民怨的問題坐大,隨著每次事故在受控前,要發泄的民憤不斷增多,有一天可能政府再也無法鎮得住人們要求答問的呼聲。
究竟外國人是怎樣看呢?借用國內用語:外國人是怎樣說三道四呢?
【Wall Street Journal】China's Wreckage Under Wraps
Without accountability, each tragedy sparks greater public anger.
Modern China is no stranger to natural and industrial disasters. Yet the July 23 high-speed train crash that left 40 people dead and another 191 injured—according to the official tally—could become a different kind of event.
Chinese journalists and ordinary citizens are resisting government censorship and pressing for more information about the safety of a rail system the government has touted as the most advanced in the world.
What remains to be seen is whether the outrage the crash has provoked will force the regime to refashion its standard procedures for dealing with embarrassing—and revealing—events.
On Friday the government decided to curtail domestic media coverage of the accident after a week of sharp editorials asking whether official neglect cost the trains' passengers their lives. At a press conference with the railways ministry, journalists grilled the ministry's cowed-looking spokesman.
"When a country is so corrupt that one lightning strike can cause a train crash . . . none of us is immune," one person wrote on Sina Weibo, the country's most popular microblogging service. "China today is a train rushing through a lightning storm . . . we are all passengers."
This kind of open criticism of the government's failures raises expectations that China is developing a watchdog media. If only that were true. The regime has learned how to allow the public to vent and then prevent the follow-up reporting that would bring true accountability.
When a magnitude-7.9 earthquake ravaged Sichuan province in May 2008, reporters noted immediately that schoolhouses had been particularly hard-hit. Several newspapers published pointed stories asking whether corruption and inadequate building standards were responsible for the high number of school-age victims. Yet by mid-June of that year reporters from the commercial media were being recalled from the scene.
Likewise when toxic milk powder sickened thousands of infants in 2008, the government rushed its version of events out to the public in order to pre-empt those who would dig deeper.
The media were not silenced; rather they were forced to hew rigidly to the official line that contamination was under control and recalls were limited. Activist Zhao Lianhai, who tried to expose the cover-up and demanded greater compensation for the families, was threatened and then jailed.
After intense public pressure the Chinese government last week declared it would work to reform the rail system. When Premier Wen Jiabao visited the crash site last Thursday, he promised a "fair and transparent investigation." But now that the state has pressed its heavy hand, any reforms will be undertaken outside of the public gaze.
For now, too many questions about last month's crash remain unanswered. Reporters who arrived on the scene the day after the crash found crews busy burying the wrecked carriages in the mud, as if to conceal the evidence.
Rescue workers seemed more interested in restoring rail service than in recovering wounded passengers. The official death toll was suspiciously volatile. Many suspect that a cover-up was underway from the start.
Chinese media watchers like Qian Gang, who writes on the previous page, have dubbed the government's more sophisticated policies to control the media "Control 2.0." While this regime may maintain stability in the short term, it allows the problems that cause public distrust to fester.
Mothers still flock anxiously to Hong Kong to buy foreign milk powder for their infants, and ticket sales for the high-speed trains have collapsed. As each incident requires a bigger venting of anger before it can be contained, the day may be approaching when the government is unable to put the lid back on and deny the Chinese people's demands for answers.
我的英文不算好,只可勉強是夠用,故此不敢評論明報是否翻譯和摘要得宜,各位網友們可以自讀、自衡、自量、自斷。我就較為享受原汁原味!
WSJ 顯示這文是 Review and Outlook 是沒有處名的文章,也不是 Editorial 社評,我只可以理解成是 WSJ 華爾街日報 內部自己人寫的或是約稿,因為沒有處名,文責看來似是由 WSJ 肩負吧。
上文不是翻譯外電新聞報導的 FACTS 實況,而是翻譯轉載華爾街日報的八月三日的評論 REVIEW and OUTLOOK。不過原來明報已經做了翻譯後的“去蕪存菁”,摘要後才刊登出來,公開予讀者閱讀,而不是全文一段不漏全部展示,我不知道報章報社雙互之間的協議,也是非我後所能及。
看電視新聞,除了一貫的亞記亞洲台和無記互動新聞台,我都有收看鳳凰衛視和有線電視的新聞報導,若有國際大新聞則兼看 BBC(World),CNN(International),和 AJE (Al Jazeera 半島的英語頻道),務求得到更多方面收集而來的更多資訊。
曾在舊文寫過:『被稱為「中國CNN」的官方新華社主辦國際新聞電視台「中國國際電視台」(CITV)將於明天(按:2009年11月18日)開始試播。』至今尚未有看到過,是否已經無疾而終呢?還是尚在試播試播在試播中,從來未正式開播呢?
新聞消息的傳播,由遠古的口述至到筆錄,由月刊週報到日報,再由日報轉至電台,透過有電線的收音機窄播新聞,再轉至向無線電收音機進行廣播新聞,又再由有線電視台發展至無線電視廣播新聞,直至今時是利用衛星向全球廣播新聞。
於國際社會雖云:新聞自由,新聞報導應該依據 facts 實況實據,據實報導,至於是否能辦得到呢?這是後話。而評論文章例如:社評 editorial 評論 review 就可以 take sided 有先決立場。我時常強調讀報、讀新聞、看新聞、還有讀歷史要多讀,若能多讀經由不同的源和 perspective 發表的報導與評論,經過消化了解後,然後“去蕪存菁“,最為重要。
在這資訊發達的時代,新聞是24小時每週七天年中無休,即時的才是新聞,之後再重覆的只可稱舊聞(歷史)。但不改的是,人們總愛在事後作出評論,不管是有先見之明,還是馬後礮,人總是愛繼續說三道四。不過我也慶幸,還能在特區繼續寫我的 blog。
補遺:
明報還有另一篇外地評論摘要:“高鐵慘劇 掀動中產造反”英國《金融時報》8月4日評論版文章作者:David Pilling。Financial Times:”China crashes into a middle class revolt“ By David Pilling。各位網友們,有暇可以細讀精讀原裝全文和中譯的摘要,了解了解!
後記:
本文寫於農曆七月七日七夕晚上,七夕之夜相傳是牛郎織女,一年一度鵲橋相會的日子,謹祝:所有有情人終成眷屬!
伸延閱覽:
China's Wreckage Under Wraps WSJ.com
高鐵殘骸被埋 問責也被埋《華爾街日報》 新浪新聞網
China crashes into a middle class revolt FT.com
高鐵慘劇 掀動中產造反《金融時報》David Pilling 新浪新聞網
我的舊文:
再說三道四
中國人不是頻危物種
好的試點中國CNN~CITV
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)