泥土 EARTH 地球 EARTH

泥土 EARTH 地球 EARTH



和網友吹水，談起世界末日，說地球生病了，人類破壞大自然環境，污染大氣食水，弄至乾旱飢荒；又可能是核電廠洩漏輻射，國與國打核戰互射核彈，地球嚴重核污染，人類自取滅亡！


又另外一個可能，是外星生物為了搶奪地球資源，派遣星際大軍侵略地球，先滅絕地球所有生物包括人類。


但講講吓，攪笑的原來外星生物，她們的星球是水做成的冰封世界，她們需要奪取地球的資源，也就是他們的食物，並不是肉類和植物，他們的食物就是地球上的泥土，他們是吃泥的生物，哈哈哈！

圖片來源：維基百科

我們的地球，英文名字叫做 EARTH，而泥土也叫做 EARTH，我們的地球外圍除了有一層大氣層之外，表面上的佔了大部份是水的海洋，此外就是地殼，地殼包括海底的海床和突出海平線的陸地。地殼上有的物質，統稱叫做泥土，而泥土中，是包含著各種不同的礦物質。


【維基百科】 The mass of the Earth is approximately 5.98×1024 kg. It is composed mostly of iron (32.1%), oxygen (30.1%), silicon (15.1%), magnesium (13.9%), sulfur (2.9%), nickel (1.8%), calcium (1.5%), and aluminium (1.4%); with the remaining 1.2% consisting of trace amounts of other elements.

Due to mass segregation, the core region is believed to be primarily composed of iron (88.8%), with smaller amounts of nickel (5.8%), sulfur (4.5%), and less than 1% trace elements.

The geochemist F. W. Clarke calculated that a little more than 47% of the Earth's crust consists of oxygen. The more common rock constituents of the Earth's crust are nearly all oxides; chlorine, sulfur and fluorine are the only important exceptions to this and their total amount in any rock is usually much less than 1%.

The principal oxides are silica, alumina, iron oxides, lime, magnesia, potash and soda. The silica functions principally as an acid, forming silicates, and all the commonest minerals of igneous rocks are of this nature.

From a computation based on 1,672 analyses of all kinds of rocks, Clarke deduced that 99.22% were composed of 11 oxides (see the table below). All the other constituents occur only in very small quantities.



Chemical composition of the crust Compound，Formula，Composition，Continental / Oceanic（respectively）are：
silica SiO2 60.2%/48.6%
alumina Al2O3 15.2%/16.5%
lime CaO 5.5%/12.3%
magnesia MgO 3.1%/6.8%
iron(II) oxide FeO 3.8%/6.2%
sodium oxide Na2O 3.0%/2.6%
potassium oxide K2O 2.8%/0.4%
iron(III) oxide Fe2O3 2.5%/2.3%
water H2O 1.4%/1.1%
carbon dioxide CO2 1.2%/1.4%
titanium dioxide TiO2 0.7%/1.4%
phosphorus pentoxide P2O5 0.2%/0.3%


但我一直沒有去尋找的是：地球公轉和自轉的速度，看看這件大石頭 third rock from the sun，其實是以甚麽速度靠軸心轉動著呢？又以甚麽速度環繞太陽在軌道上運行呢？


【About.com】The earth rotates on its axis once each day. Since the circumference of the earth at the equator is 24,901.55 miles, a spot on the equator rotates at approximately 1037.5646 miles per hour (1037.5646 times 24 equals 24,901.55) (1669.8 km/h).

At the North Pole (90 degrees north) and South Pole (90 degrees south), the speed is effectively zero since that spot rotates once in 24 hours, a very, very slow speed.

To determine the speed at any other latitude, simply multiply the cosine of the degree latitude times the speed of 1037.5646.

Thus, at 45 degrees north, the cosine is .7071068 so multiply .7071068 times 1037.5464 and the speed of the rotation is 733.65611 miles per hour (1180.7 km/h).

For other latitudes:
10° - 1021.7837 mph (1644.4 km/h)
20° - 974.9747 mph (1569.1 km/h)
30° - 898.54154 mph (1446.1 km/h)
40° - 794.80665 mph (1279.1 km/h)
50° - 666.92197 mph (1073.3 km/h)
60° - 518.7732 mph (834.9 km/h)
70° - 354.86177 mph (571.1 km/h)
80° - 180.16804 mph (289.95 km/h)

In addition to the rotational speed of the earth spinning on its axis, the earth is also speeding at about 66,660 miles per hour (107278.87 km/hr) in its revolution around the sun once ever 365.2425 days.


地球公轉是 107278.87 km/hr 即是每秒鐘約 30km，而地球自轉最快的是在赤道上，也有約 0.288km or 288m per second，普通載客飛機都沒有這麽快！音速是 343m/s 亦稱為一馬赫（mach），超音速飛機如美國的黑鳥偵察機最高的速度可達到3.3馬赫，即音速的3.3倍。


地球的自轉和公轉的速度，以人在地求上表面來計，確實很快，因為人類的時間觀念，是以地球自轉一週為一天，也是以地球的公轉一週要365天為一年。


地球上的生物的生理時鐘，也以地球的自轉公轉為依歸，那末若地球自轉快了，人的動作會否同時加快，還是一樣的呢？若果慢了又會怎麽樣呢？同樣地球公轉快了和慢了，第地球的生物包括人類的壽命會怎樣變呢？還會產生甚麽轉變呢？


這一堆問題環繞著我，想來想去，都未有答案，對這件大石頭 third rock from the sun 認識其實原來很少！


『地球病了』！是環保團體的口號。今次日本福島的核洩漏危機，是繼美國三哩島核輻射外洩事件，烏克蘭切爾諾貝爾核輻射洩漏事件，人類以為既然可以利用中子撞擊鈾-238製造”鈈“，人就有辦法控制它，但最終還是不能鎖穏這隻惡魔怪魔，至今還沒有解決方案！


地球再次警告人類，再不保護地球自然環境，大地就會回應，洪水、氾濫、乾旱、飢荒、颶風、颱風、龍捲風、風雪暴、沙塵暴，等等常有發生，而因臭氧層穿了個洞，引出 El Nino(厄爾尼諾)和 La Nina(拉尼娜)，再就是南北極冰冠融化，海水位升高，低窪地帶被海淹，到最後是地裂火山爆發、地震海嘯陸沉！





伸延閱覽：
Earth 維基百科
Revolution and Rotation of our earth about.com
鈈元素 Plutonium 維基百科




我的舊文：
不是科學人睇科學事