袁大狀的 sliding doors

袁大狀的 sliding doors



香港特別行政區《基本法》是經由中英雙方協議，經歷了多年雙方較勁才寫成的，在 2014年 6月 10日 中國單方面重寫了一個新的 version 並以”白皮書“ 方式，非正式地疑似被取代了，疑似凌駕了，疑似架空了《基本法》，名為：《一國兩制在香港特別行政區的實踐》白皮書。

其中就 “施法” or “司法” 這一點受到 HK Bar Association 嚴重質疑 。。。。。。發表了 Press Release 新聞稿 2014.06.11 White Paper on the Practice of “One Country, Two Systems” Policy in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. (English & Chinese)


「一國兩制」在香港特別行政區的實踐白皮書 香港大律師公會的回應


1. 香港大律師公會就中華人民共和國國務院新聞辦公室於六月十日發表的《「一國兩制」在香港特別行政區的實踐》白皮書〈下稱「白
皮書」〉其中三點作出回應，三點都涉及香港特別行政區的司法機構和司法獨立這個香港核心價值。

2. 首先，白皮書第5部分第2節以堅決維護中國憲法和香港基本法的權威為主題。其中一個段落如下：

「尊重和維護全國人大及其常委會對香港基本法的修改權和解釋權。」

在指出根據《基本法》第158條解釋權屬於全國人民代表大會常務委員會（下稱「全國人大常委會」）後，該段落用以下陳述作結:-

「全國人大常委會依法行使基本法解釋權是維護「一國兩制」和香港法治的應有之義，既是對特別行政區執行基本法的監督，也是對特別行政區實行高度自治的保障。」

3. 根據《基本法》第158(1)條，基本法的解釋權的確屬於全國人大常委會。然而與此同時，根據《基本法》第158(2)條，全國人大常委會
在憲法上也授權香港特別行政區法院在審理案件時對基本法關於香港特別行政區自治範圍內的條款自行解釋。這是中英聯合聲明和基本法所保障的高度自治的重要組成部分。雖然全國人大常委會無疑擁有解釋基本法的權力，但大律師公會一貫主張，「全國人大常委會釋法」（除依據第158(3)條外:- 該條款有自己的規則，並須由法院提請）應絕少及審慎地進行，否則這將會在香港人、內地人、和國際社會的眼中產生司法獨立受損的觀感。

4. 香港大律師公會必須重申: 尊重法治（根據香港及國際文明社會所理解的「法治」）遠遠超乎事事只求「依法辦事」或「依法施政」那麼簡單，它包括在權力行使上適當地自我制約，好使司法獨立的重要性得到適當的重視和彰顯。

5. 第二，白皮書第5部分第3節的主題是管治香港的香港人首要條件是愛國，當中包含以下語句:

「對國家效忠是從政者必須遵循的基本政治倫理。在「一國兩制」之下，包括行政長官、主要官員、行政會議成員、立法會議員、各級法院法官和其他司法人員等在內的治港者，肩負正確理解和貫徹執行香港基本法的重任，承擔維護國家主權、安全、發展利益，保持香港長期繁榮穩定的職責。愛國是對治港者主體的基本政治要求。如果治港者不是以愛國者為主體，或者說治港者主體不能效忠於國家和香港特別行政區，一國兩制」在香港特別行政區的實踐就會偏離正確方向，不僅國家主權、安全、發展利益難以得到切實維護，而且香港的繁榮穩定和廣大港人的福祉也將受到威脅和損害。」

6. 香港大律師公會於2008年7月9日發表了一份聲明，當時的主席為現任律政司司長袁國強資深大律師。聲明強調:  

「香港的司法機構一直與行政和立法機關分開和獨立，而且根據基本法，應維持司法機構的分開和獨立。司法機構不是、而且不應該被看作是管治團隊的一部分。政府行為的合法性應由司法機構審查。除非司法機關真正獨立，否則它不能履行確保政府根據法例規定行事，亦不能履行確保由立法機關通過的立法與基本法及香港特區的國際法律義務一致的功能。」

7. 香港大律師公會在2008年說的這番話到現在依然有效。香港特別行政區的法官和司法人員不應被視為在工作上被加入政治要求的「治港者」或管治團隊的一部分。任何將法官及司法人員公開而錯誤地定性為「治港者」或以官方形式訓示他們進行任何政治使命或任務的舉措，將會對香港市民、內地人民和廣大國際社會發出錯誤信息，令人誤以為法院是政府機器的一部分，並且「同聲同氣」，互相配合。不論其他地方法院是否有這樣的情況，這絕對不是香港法院行事的方式。

8. 最後，以上白皮書內引用的字句「肩負正確理解…香港基本法的重任」，意思似乎是指基本法的條文有一個客觀存在的所謂「正確」的解讀，而香港法官能夠由某些人口中或其他地方「理解」或學習得到這「正確」解讀。然而根據普通法制度，法院對成文法和憲法在判案時作出的詮釋本身便是制度下正確的解讀，法院對成文法和憲法的詮釋，是根據一套完備和源遠流長的法律詮釋原則，考慮控辯雙方（包括政府）向法院提交的論點、事實和證據，在公開和透明的司法環境下進行。香港的法官和法院在判案時（除全國人大常委會根據《基本法》第158條作出釋法的情況外），不應也不會從其他境內或境外的政府官員、學者或其他任何人學習、理解或領取他們對基本法「一錘定音式的最終解讀」。

香港大律師公會  2014年6月11日



其中第六點，指名道姓把當年曾經出任 HK Bar Association 主席的袁大狀，提出了：「香港的司法機構一直與行政和立法機關分開和獨立，而且根據基本法，應維持司法機構的分開和獨立。司法機構不是、而且不應該被看作是管治團隊的一部分。政府行為的合法性應由司法機構審查。除非司法機關真正獨立，否則它不能履行確保政府根據法例規定行事，亦不能履行確保由立法機關通過的立法與基本法及香港特區的國際法律義務一致的功能。」


所謂不在其位不謀其政，袁大狀 如今換了位置，貴為香港特別行政區的 “律政司司長” 說話便不同了。他反駁指公會錯誤理解其當年陳述，又指應平常心看待白皮書，不應作陰謀論。


【AM730】國務院新聞辦日前發表有關香港的白皮書，明文要求香港各級法院法官及其他司法人員，須承擔維護國家主權及安全等職責，大律師公會昨發表聲明，引述公會前主席袁國強4年前回應中央要求香港「三權合作」的說法，認為不應將法官視為「治港者」，否則會發放錯誤訊息，令人以為香港的法院是政府機關一部分。

公會強調，法庭是根據控辯雙方論據作公平及透明審訊，而非依從任何人對《基本法》作「一錘定音式的最終解讀」。現已貴為律政司長的袁國強，反駁指公會錯誤理解其當年陳述，又指應平常心看待白皮書，不應作陰謀論。

國務院日前發表《「一國兩制」在香港特別行政區的實踐》白皮書，指包括特首、主要官員、行會成員、立法會議員、各級法院法官和其他司法人員等在內的治港者，肩負正確理解和貫徹執行《基本法》的重任，承擔維護國家主權、安全、發展利益，保持香港長期繁榮穩定的職責。

法院非政府機關
大律師公會昨發表聲明，引述08年7月時任公會主席袁國強發出的新聞稿，指香港的司法一直與行政及立法分開，不應視為管治隊伍的一部分，而司法要真正獨立，否則便未能履行監察政府依法行事的角色。

公會指上述論述至今仍生效，故白皮書將法官及其他司法人員視為「治港者」，或將他們形容為肩負「政治任務」或「政治工具」，會向香港人、內地人及國際社會發放錯誤訊息，令人以為香港法院是政府機關一部分，與政府立場一致及互相配合，但這並非香港實況。

公會指香港實行普通法制度，法官按控辯雙方理據、事實及證據，公開透明地詮釋法例及作出判決，不需聽命於任何官員或學者對《基本法》作「一錘定音式的最終解讀」。公會又說，法治並非單純指「依法辦事」和「依法施政」，亦包括當權者要恰當地自我約束權力，重視司法獨立的重要性。另外，公會同意人大常委會有權解釋《基本法》條文，但認為這個權不應經常行使及要謹慎使用，否則會令人覺得損害司法獨立。

袁國強不同意公會聲明
袁國強昨表明不認同大律師公會的聲明，他指08年的新聞稿是回應時任國家副主席習近平提出香港「三權合作」的言論，當時回應重點是認為法官不應被視為行政機關的一部分，他指這個觀點至今並無錯，至於白皮書所指的是政治體制，「嗰個治港主體係一個比較廣義嘅含義，試問如果香港冇司法？我哋點樣執法？冇執法，我哋點管治？所以兩者係冇衝突。」


大律師公會反駁重點
‧不應將法官視為「治港者」，否則令人誤以為法院是政府機關的一部分。
‧法庭是按與訟雙方論據及事實詮釋法例及判決，而非由任何官員或學者對《基本法》作「一錘定音式的最終解讀」。
‧人大常委會有權釋法，但不應經常行使及要謹慎使用，否則會損害香港的司法獨立。


社會上各界都有發表意見，佔中的 戴耀庭 指目的是想針對佔中的 622投票，公民黨袋巾 梁家傑 說香港人是嚇大的。一般建制派的企圖淡化衝擊，非建制派的表示憂慮。但不能改變的是《基本法》已經由 《一國兩制在香港特別行政區的實踐》白皮書，被非正式取代了，加入新的解釋。


【AM730】法律界立法會議員郭榮鏗說，司法人員解讀法律和《基本法》，是按法理和證據，擔心中央會逼嚇和嘗試改變香港制度，他相信法官不會受白皮書影響，但若將愛國愛港加到司法人員頭上令人憂心。本身是資深大律師的公民黨立法會議員湯家驊認同大律師公會的觀點，他指法官並非管治層面，而且香港有不少外籍法官，不能期望他們愛國愛港，亦不應影響法官判決的態度，「如果愛國等於親政府，(官司)一定要贏，仲得了？香港仲有法治？」

立法會主席曾鈺成認為，白皮書將法官列為治港者，不會影響司法獨立，法官判案時只要依法辦事、維持司法獨立，已是愛國愛港的表現。他又說，中央發表白皮書有明確目的，主要針對最近圍繞政改的議論，中央可能有見部分意見並無準確理解「一國兩制」，因而重新強調，並非針對「622」電子公投和七一遊行。

范太：唔使驚中央事事管晒
全國人大常委范徐麗泰亦指白皮書與「622」無關，不會令與與投票人數增多或減少，而白皮書並無削弱香港的高度自治，中央只是希望提供協助和支持，「唔使驚呢個文件出嚟話以後我(中央)管晒，真係冇呢啲意思，如果領導人唔緊張一國兩制，根本就唔會出白皮書，何必同你講啫，你哋咪去自生自滅囉。」至於白皮書指要警惕外部勢力利用香港干擾中國內政，她認為是針對美國。

陳太：港人無意圖奪權或分權
前政務司長兼「香港2020」召集人陳方安生發表聲明，擔心中央有意收窄「一國兩制」、港人治港及高度自治的方針，她指港人從無意圖奪權或分權，只希望按照《基本法》落實真普選，加強特首和立法會的認受性，改善管治問題，中央毋須透過白皮書重新演繹當中條文和含義，更不需派官員來港解釋白皮書，認為此舉會加劇社會不安與分裂。此外，由十多名香港和澳洲執業律師組成的司法改革訪京團，昨拜會中國法學會，訪問團團長馬恩國會後說，北京領導人很關心香港的民生和法治情況，不想市民生活受佔中影響。他指會面中有提及白皮書，但無詳細討論白皮書的法理性，訪京團明日拜會港澳辦時，相信會對白皮書有更深入討論。

經常以漫畫反映時事政見的本港漫畫家盧熾剛(Cuson)亦不例外，白皮書發表當晚在個人Facebook專頁，上載「溫水煮蛙」的政治漫畫，慨嘆港人仍無動於衷，結果專頁被封鎖。而向以敢言和關心社會時事見稱的演員黃秋生和歌手黃耀明，亦拒噤聲，在社交網站表達對白皮書的憂慮。

Cuson創作的「溫水煮蛙」漫畫，有兩名繫上共產黨臂章的男人，分別焚燒寫有「一國兩制」和「中英聯合聲明」的書，用以加大火力烹煮一鍋青蛙，青蛙卻仍一臉悠然，漫畫引起網民共鳴，在網絡極速瘋傳。Cuson表示，昨早聽電台節目在談論他的Facebook專頁被封鎖，才知此事，但未有去信Facebook要求解鎖，「因為以往都試過，幾個鐘就會開番，今次大半日都鎖住」，現時仍有另一個後備的個人Facebook賬戶可以使用。

他說，過去幾年臨近「六四」或七一遊行，都會被封鎖，所以認為今次是「順便七一前Block(封鎖)下你，唔俾你動員得咁多人」。他強調，「溫水煮蛙」漫畫「一啲都唔激」，只是閱畢有關白皮書的新聞後覺得，港人以為仍有「港人治港」是痴心妄想，感嘆「(中央)講得咁白，但港人反應仍不大」。他說，有外國朋友已將「溫水煮蛙」漫畫翻譯成英文版轉載。

黃秋生：我們是公民不是奴隸
另外，演藝界亦有歌手藝人，就白皮書發表果敢言論。黃秋生連續兩日在Facebook發表意見，指「全面管治是一回事，隨意管治又是另一回事，我們是公民不是奴隸」，又以「一屋兩房」的故事諷刺白皮書扭曲《基本法》。

黃耀明分別在Facebook和微博轉載區家麟的文章《一分鐘讀懂白皮書》，並指「就算你擁有一切的權力，但你已完全失去人心 。。。。不要忘記，完全的極權/威權使人腐化」。港台DJ梁兆輝亦在Facebook留言：「高度自治->高度自危」。


怎知 袁大狀 愈描愈黑 。。。。。說法官宣誓已體現愛國愛港，並指各級法官和司法人員在就職時，要宣誓擁護基本法和效忠香港特別行政區，已經是「愛國愛港」在法律上的體現。


【大公報】律政司司長袁國強表示，國務院就「一國兩制」發表的白皮書絕對沒有任何意圖或企圖幹預香港的司法獨立，相反是尊重「一國兩制」下，香港是依據基本法享有獨立的司法權和終審權。

他強調：「我們一直堅持維持香港司法獨立，這一點無論08年的我，08年以後的我，今日的我，往後的我，或者整個律政司，都堅持香港要擁有司法獨立。」他希望市民不要太敏感，亦不需過分解讀一些字眼，不要以陰謀論，要以正面心態看待白皮書。

袁國強昨日會見傳媒時表示，司法獨立的核心是法官、法庭處理訴訟，處理案件和司法程序時，不受任何其他人，包括政府或行政機關的幹預，但白皮書的內容「完全沒有任何表述是幹預司法獨立的概念」。

至於前日大律師公會發表聲明，認為法官不應被視為「治港者」，更引述他在08年作為大律師公會主席的一篇聲明。袁國強表示當年所說的情況和現在的是兩個不同範疇；他希望社會理解整篇文章的上文下理，不要斷章取義，重申司法機關絕對不可以被認定為行政機關，在文章中亦沒有說過會幹預香港的獨立司法權和終審權。

法官宣誓已體現愛國愛港
在法官方面，袁國強說各級法官和司法人員在就職時要宣誓擁護基本法和效忠香港特別行政區，已經是「愛國愛港」在法律上的體現。因此白皮書的表述只是重申和解釋基本法有關司法機構和司法人員的相關內容，完全沒有偏離基本法。

至於為何與大律師公會有不同的理解，他估計公會是重申司法獨立的重要性，而他的解釋是用整體的政治體制的角度分析，所以兩者沒有矛盾。他重申：「不會因為有白皮書，香港的司法獨立會受到任何絲毫負面或不良的影響，這不會、亦不是白皮書發表的目的。」

袁國強表示，白皮書是國務院就國家落實「一國兩制」非常重要的文件，說出在香港落實「一國兩制」的成功經歷，亦希望重新宣示中央就落實「一國兩制」的立場；對於本港理解中央落實「一國兩制」的堅定態度，絕對有積極作用。


哈哈哈哈哈哈！各級法官和司法人員在就職時，要宣誓擁護基本法和效忠香港特別行政區，已經是「愛國愛港」在法律上的體現，是假設還是推論 or 實實在在 100%驗證過呢？


咁重要的問題是否應該要問清楚，每一位曾經宣誓的各級法官和司法人員，袁大狀絕不能假設他她們就是愛國愛港，眾多的法官和司法人員，法例上有沒有規定一定是持有中國國籍，上任時必要放棄外國國籍呢？袁大狀這一說法，是否暗示法官和司法人員發了假誓言，須知發假誓是很嚴重的刑事罪行。


至於 ”白皮書“ 會否成為法官判案參考，袁大狀說法官判案是參考證據、法律、文獻，至於用什麼文獻，要看與訟雙方呈交什麼文件，再由法官自己決定是否參考，日後會否有律師把白皮書呈交給法官參考，這不是律政司所能評論的。


一部上一個世紀的舊電影，Sliding Doors 電影中女主角第一次受阻了上不到車，而另一條 timeline，卻是她趕上了 Sliding Doors 上到了車。




結果女主角在兩條不同 Timelines，發展出截然不同的經歷和際遇，生與死竟然原來就由 Sliding Doors 決定了命運。中文片名譯作：“緣份兩面睇” 頗為貼合也很到題。


袁大狀 2012年 7月 1日趕上了，梁振英 政府的執政團隊的車，由 HK Bar Association 的前主席，再升級成為 “香港特別行政區 律政司司長”。若剛巧 袁大狀 上不到車，作為大律師的他還會說出：『應平常心看待白皮書不應作陰謀論』嗎？！？！？


須知未上車前 2008年袁大狀白紙黑字：『香港的司法機構一直與行政和立法機關分開和獨立，而且根據基本法，應維持司法機構的分開和獨立。司法機構不是、而且不應該被看作是管治團隊的一部分。政府行為的合法性應由司法機構審查。除非司法機關真正獨立，否則它不能履行確保政府根據法例規定行事，亦不能履行確保由立法機關通過的立法與基本法及香港特區的國際法律義務一致的功能。』


袁大狀今次面對兩難真的局面，夾在捍衛司法獨立，與不可拂逆中央的兩大原則之間 。。。。唉！真的是難為了 ”家嫂“！






後記：


週日看有線新聞報導，指出《基本法》原先只需向中央「備案 for the record」 的要求，在《白皮書》中改成有「 決定權」，云云。


【有線新聞】國務院的一國兩制白皮書，除了強調中央有全面管治權外，對《基本法》部份具體內容亦有新的詮釋。例如立法會選舉辦法更改，《基本法》列明向人大常委會備案，但白皮書則表示中央有決定權，引起另一番爭議。

建制派一直指，白皮書沒有超出《基本法》，但對特首及立法會選舉辦法，白皮書就用上新字眼。根據《基本法》，特首的產生辦法更改要中央批准，至於立法會選舉如果要改，附件二寫明，經立法會通過，行政長官同意，最後一步是報全國人大常委會備案。

英文版寫法是「FOR THE RECORD」，但白皮書就寫，中央對特首及立法會產生辦法修改有「決定權」。翻看《基本法》起草的文獻紀錄，草擬期間是一度有人提過，立法會選舉辦法要中央「批准」，後來是經反覆研究，才落實用「備案」字眼。

《基本法》內還有另外數處提及「備案」。第 17條，香港立法機關制定的法律，報人大常委備案，後面補一句，備案不影響法律生效。第 48 條，特區財政預算、決算要報中央人民政府備案。第 90條，終審法院法官和高等法院首席法官的任命，要報人大常委備案。還有第 156 條，特區在外國設立經貿機構，都要報中央政府備案。英文版本都是「for the record」。

2004年時任人大常委會、副秘書長喬曉陽曾解釋，附件二的備案涉及改動立法會選舉，涉及憲制層面立法，與第 17條本地立法要交上中央備案是不同的，充份表明中央對政改自始至終有決定權。

至於同樣兩個字，在其他數條條文究竟解決定權，還是純粹備案？政制及內地事務局表示不評論。 （看片）


為了記下 Bar Association 的 press release 中英文版本，沒有刪改或被曲解，特別將英文版本 archived 存檔如下：



White Paper on the Practice of “One Country, Two Systems” Policy in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

Response of the Hong Kong Bar Association

1. The HKBA responds to three aspects of the White Paper on the Practice of the “One Country, Two Systems” Policy in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (“the HKSAR”) issued by the Information Office of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China (“the White Paper”) on 10 June 2014. All three aspects concern the Judiciary of the HKSAR and Hong Kong’s core value of judicial independence.

2. First, Division 2 of Part V of the White Paper concerns the theme of resolutely safeguarding the authority of the Constitution of the PRC and the Basic Law of Hong Kong. One paragraph exhorts as follows:

“We should respect and uphold the power of interpretation and amendment of the Basic Law vested in the NPC and its Standing Committee.”

“尊重和維護全國人大及其常委會對香港基本法的修改權和解釋權。”

After referring to the power of interpretation vested in the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress (“NPCSC”) under Article 158 of the Basic Law, the same paragraph ends by stating:-

“The fact that the Standing Committee of the NPC exercises the power of interpretation of the Basic Law in accordance with the law is aimed at maintaining the rule of law in Hong Kong, as it oversees HKSAR’s implementation of the Basic Law and protects the high degree of autonomy of the Region.”

全國人大常委會依法行使基本法解釋權是維護「一國兩制」和香港法治的應有之義，既是對特別行政區執行基本法的監督，也是對特別行政區實行高度自治的保障。

3. It is correct that under Article 158(1) of the Basic Law, the power of interpretation of the Basic Law is vested in the NPCSC. However, at the same time under Article 158(2) of the Basic Law, the courts of the HKSAR are constitutionally authorized by the NPCSC to interpret on their own in the course of adjudicating cases provisions of the Basic Law which are within the limits of the autonomy of the HKSAR.

This is part and parcel of the high degree of autonomy guaranteed by the Sino-British Joint Declaration and the Basic Law. Whilst the NPCSC undoubtedly possesses the power to interpret the Basic Law, the HKBA has consistently maintained that an “NPCSC interpretation” (outside of Article 158(3) which is subject to its own rules, and requires an act of judicial reference) should be rarely and cautiously undertaken.
Otherwise there would be a perception of undermining the independence of the judiciary in the eyes of people in Hong Kong, on the Mainland, and in the international community.

4. THE HKBA REPEATS THAT RESPECT FOR THE RULE OF LAW (AS UNDERSTOOD IN HONG KONG AND THE COMMUNITY OF CIVILIZED NATIONS) MEANS FAR FAR MORE THAN MERELY “DOING THINGS ACCORDING TO LAW” (依法辦事) OR “GOVERNING ACCORDING TO LAW” (“依法施政”). IT INCLUDES PROPER SELF-RESTRAINT IN THE EXERCISE OF POWER IN A MANNER WHICH GIVES PROPER WEIGHT AND REGARD TO THE IMPORTANCE OF THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE JUDICIARY.

5. Second, Division 3 of Part V of the White Paper concerns the theme that the Hong Kong People who govern Hong Kong should above all be patriotic. It contains the following statement:

“Hong Kong must be governed by the Hong Kong people with patriots as the mainstay, as loyalty to one's country is the minimum political ethic for political figures. Under the policy of "one country, two systems," all those who administer Hong Kong, including the chief executive, principal officials, members of the Executive Council and Legislative Council, judges of the courts at different levels and other judicial personnel, have on their shoulders the responsibility of correctly understanding and implementing the Basic Law, of safeguarding the country's sovereignty, security and development interests, and of ensuring the long-term prosperity and stability of Hong Kong. In a word, loving the country is the basic political requirement for Hong Kong's administrators. If they are not consisted of by patriots as the mainstay or they cannot be loyal to the country and the HKSAR, the practice of "one country, two systems" in the HKSAR will deviate from its right direction, making it difficult to uphold the country's sovereignty, security and development interests, and putting Hong Kong's stability and prosperity and the wellbeing of its people in serious jeopardy.” (italics supplied)

對國家效忠是從政者必須遵循的基本政治倫理。在「一國兩制」之下，包括行政長官、主要官員、行政會議成員、立法會議員、各級法院法官和其他司法人員等在內的治港者，肩負正確理解和貫徹執行香港基本法的重任，承擔維護國家主權、安全、發展利益，保持香港長期繁榮穩定的職責。愛國是對治港者主體的基本政治要求。如果治港者不是以愛國者為主體，或者說治港者主體不能效忠於國家和香港特別行政區，「一國兩制」在香港特別行政區的實踐就會偏離正確方向，不僅國家主權、安全、發展利益難以得到切實維護，而且香港的繁榮穩定和廣大港人的福祉也將受到威脅和損害。

6. On 9 July 2008 the HKBA, under the Chairmanship of Mr Rimsky Yuen SC (the current Secretary of Justice), issued a press statement which emphasized that:

“The Judiciary in Hong Kong has always been, and under the Basic Law it shall remain, separate and independent from the Executive and the Legislature. It is not, and should not be regarded as, part of the governance team. Legality of government action is subject to judicial scrutiny. Unless the Judiciary is truly independent, it cannot fulfill its role of ensuring that the Government is acting in accordance with the law. Nor can it discharge its function of ensuring that legislation passed by the Legislature is consistent with the Basic Law and the international legal obligations of the HKSAR.”

7. These words of the HKBA in 2008 are as valid now as they were then. Judges and judicial officers of the HKSAR are not to be regarded as part of “Hong Kong’s administrators” or part of the governance team upon whom a political requirement is imposed. Any erroneous public categorization of Judges and judicial officers as “administrators” or official exhortation for them to carry out any political mission or task
will send out the wrong message to the people of Hong Kong, people on the Mainland and the wider international community that Courts here are part of the machinery of the Government and sing in unison with it. Irrespective of whether this is the case with Courts elsewhere, this most definitely is NOT the case in Hong Kong.

8. Lastly, the words “肩負正確理解…香港基本法的重任” (“have on their shoulders the responsibility of correctly understanding …. the Basic Law”) in the White Paper quoted above seem to suggest that there is a “correct” meaning of the Basic Law which exists separately as an objective fact that is capable of being understood or learned by Hong Kong judges from someone else, somewhere else. However, under the common law system, statutes and constitutions mean what the Courts interpret them to mean, based on well-established and long-developed principles of statutory and constitutional interpretation, upon hearing adversarial arguments between the parties and considering the facts and evidence placed by the parties (including the Government) before the Court, in an open and transparent judicial setting. It is not the case (subject to any interpretation made under Article 158 of the Basic Law) that in deciding cases judges and the Courts in Hong Kong need to (or can) learn, understand, or take instructions, about any definitive “correct” meaning (一錘定音式的最終解讀) of the Basic Law from anyone else, be they public officials or scholars, here or elsewhere.


Dated 11 June 2014.

HONG KONG BAR ASSOCIATION


大律師工會 Bar Association 都沒有提出，只有 “有線新聞” 提出原先在《基本法》上 “備案” ，英文版寫法是「FOR THE RECORD」，白皮書修改成有「決定權」。


今次學到新嘢：備案 和 決定權 是互通的，至於英文版本「FOR THE RECORD」又會等如 「？？？？？」 呢？ 嗜悲一向打爛沙盤問到篤的性格缺砍，因此需要花點時間找來看看。唉！Curiosity killed the CAT！ 因為需要看看 “有線新聞” 還有 譚慧珠 李柱銘 有沒有曲解了。。。。



因此，又將 SCMP 刊登的 English Version of：Chinese State Council white paper on ‘One Country, Two Systems’ policy in Hong Kong （Full Text) 記錄如下。



The Practice of the "One Country, Two Systems" Policy in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

Foreword

I. Hong Kong's Smooth Return to China
II. Establishment of the Special Administrative Region System in Hong Kong
III. Comprehensive Progress Made in Various Undertakings in the HKSAR
IV. Efforts Made by the Central Government to Ensure the Prosperity and Development of the HKSAR
V. Fully and Accurately Understanding and Implementing the Policy of "One Country, Two Systems"

Conclusion


*******************************************************

Foreword

"One country, two systems" is a basic state policy the Chinese government has adopted to realize the peaceful reunification of the country. Following this principle, the Chinese government successfully solved the question of Hong Kong through diplomatic negotiations with the British government, and resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong on July 1, 1997, fulfilling the common aspiration of the Chinese people for the recovery of Hong Kong. As a result, Hong Kong got rid of colonial rule and returned to the embrace of the motherland, and embarked on the broad road of common development with the mainland, as they complemented each other's advantages.

Hong Kong's return to the motherland turned "one country, two systems" from a scientific concept into vivid reality. The central government strictly adheres to the Basic Law of Hong Kong, earnestly performs its constitutional duties and stands firm in supporting the administration of the chief executive and the government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) in accordance with the law. The HKSAR exercises a high degree of autonomy in accordance with the law, and is vested with executive, legislative and independent judicial power, including that of final adjudication. The previous capitalist system and way of life remain unchanged, and most laws continue to apply. Hong Kong continues to prosper, its society remains stable, and full development is being witnessed in all undertakings. The "one country, two systems" policy enjoys growing popularity in Hong Kong, winning the wholehearted support from Hong Kong compatriots as well as people in all other parts of China. It is also thought highly by the international community.

"One country, two systems" is a new domain in which we constantly explore new possibilities and make new progress in pioneering spirit. A summary of the policy's implementation in the HKSAR, and a comprehensive and correct understanding and implementation of the policy will prove useful for safeguarding China's sovereignty, security and development interests, for maintaining long-term prosperity and stability in Hong Kong, and for further promoting the "one country, two systems" practice along the correct track of development.

I. Hong Kong's Smooth Return to China

In the early 1980s, China's state leader Deng Xiaoping put forward the scientific concept known as "one country, two systems" in an effort to realize the peaceful reunification of China, and this ingenious design was first applied to solve the question of Hong Kong. According to Deng Xiaoping, "one country, two systems" means there is only but one China and under this premise the mainland adheres to the socialist system while Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan may retain their capitalist systems over a long time to come.

On December 4, 1982, the Fifth Session of the Fifth National People's Congress (NPC) endorsed a new Constitution of the People's Republic of China. Its Article 31 provides, "The state may establish special administrative regions when necessary. The systems to be instituted in special administrative regions shall be prescribed by law enacted by the National People's Congress in the light of the specific conditions." Giving expression to the "one country, two systems" concept, this Article provides the constitutional basis for the establishment of special administrative regions in certain areas that adopt different social systems and different policies from those on the mainland, as the Chinese government makes efforts to realize the peaceful reunification of China. After in-depth investigations and research, the Chinese government formulated 12 basic policies regarding the question of Hong Kong, known as the "12 Principles," in early 1983. The main contents were: (1) The Chinese government decided to resume the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong as of July 1, 1997. (2) After resuming the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong, the central government would establish a special administrative region in Hong Kong in accordance with the provisions in Article 31 of the Constitution. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region would be directly under the authority of the Central People's Government and would enjoy a high degree of autonomy. (3) The HKSAR would be vested with legislative and independent judicial power, including that of final adjudication. The laws, decrees and regulations currently in force in Hong Kong would remain basically unchanged. (4) The government of the HKSAR would be composed of local inhabitants. The principal officials would be selected by election or through consultations held locally and be appointed by the Central People's Government. Those previously working in the public and police services in the government departments of Hong Kong may remain in employment. British and other foreign nationals may also be employed to serve as advisers to government departments of the HKSAR. (5) The current social and economic systems in Hong Kong would remain unchanged, and so would the life-style. Freedoms, including those of speech, of the press, of assembly, of association, of travel, of movement, of correspondence, and of religious belief would be ensured in the HKSAR. Private property, ownership of enterprises, legitimate right of inheritance and foreign investment would be protected by law. (6) The HKSAR would retain the status of a free port and a separate customs territory. (7) The HKSAR would retain the status of a financial center, and its markets for foreign exchange, gold, securities and futures would continue. There would continue to be a free flow of capital, and the Hong Kong dollar would continue to circulate and remain freely convertible. (8) The HKSAR would have independent finances. (9) The HKSAR may establish mutually beneficial economic relations with the United Kingdom, whose economic interests in Hong Kong would be given due regard. (10) Using the name "Hong Kong, China," the HKSAR may on its own maintain and develop economic and cultural relations and conclude relevant agreements with states, regions and relevant international organizations. The government of the HKSAR may itself issue travel documents for entry into and exit from Hong Kong. (11) The maintenance of public order in the HKSAR would be the responsibility of the government of the HKSAR. And (12) the above-stated policies would be stipulated in the Basic Law of the HKSAR by the NPC of the People's Republic of China (PRC), and they would remain unchanged for 50 years. (more)

During his meeting with the visiting British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher on September 24, 1982, Deng Xiaoping made clear the Chinese government's position on the question of Hong Kong, pointing out that sovereignty was not a matter for discussion and that China would take back Hong Kong in 1997. It was under this premise that China and Britain would negotiate to ensure the smooth transfer of Hong Kong and clarify what was to be done about Hong Kong 15 years later. This marked the beginning of the negotiations between China and Britain on the question of Hong Kong. On December 19, 1984, after 22 rounds of negotiations, the governments of China and Britain signed the Joint Declaration of the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on the Question of Hong Kong in Beijing, confirming that the government of the PRC would resume its exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong with effect from July 1, 1997. The Chinese government also made clear in the Joint Declaration its basic policies regarding Hong Kong based on the "12 Principles." The signing of the Sino-British Joint Declaration marked the entry of Hong Kong into a 13-year transition period before its return to China. During this period, the Chinese government unswervingly followed the "one country, two systems" policy, closely relied on the Hong Kong compatriots, and resolutely held off interference to promote the preparation work for Hong Kong's return.

On April 10, 1985, the Third Session of the Sixth NPC decided to form the Drafting Committee for the Basic Law of the HKSAR of the PRC. In July, the Drafting Committee began its work. It completed its mission in February 1990, taking four years and eight months to develop the Basic Law of Hong Kong. The drafting of the Basic Law of Hong Kong was highly democratic and open, and the compatriots of Hong Kong were widely involved. Twenty-three of the 59 members of the Drafting Committee came from various walks of life in Hong Kong, and the Drafting Committee entrusted its Hong Kong members to set up a 180-member counseling committee in Hong Kong to collect the views and opinions of the people of Hong Kong. In April 1988, the Drafting Committee published the Basic Law of Hong Kong (draft) for comments, and in February 1989 the Standing Committee of the NPC made public the Basic Law of the HKSAR (draft) and twice widely solicited views in Hong Kong and on the mainland. People from all walks of life in Hong Kong and the mainland took active part in the deliberation and discussion of the draft, and in Hong Kong alone nearly 80,000 files of views and comments were collected. The Basic Law of Hong Kong embodies the common will of all Chinese people, including Hong Kong compatriots, and encapsulates the wisdom of the Chinese nation.

On April 4, 1990, the Third Session of the Seventh NPC passed the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, and made the decision to establish the HKSAR. The Basic Law of the HKSAR is a basic law formulated in accordance with the Constitution of the People's Republic of China. It stipulates the system and policies to be instituted in the HKSAR, and is the legalization and institutionalization of the "one country, two systems" policy. It also provides a legal basis for the implementation of "one country, two systems" in the HKSAR. The Basic Law was lauded by Deng Xiaoping as a "law of historic and international significance" and "a creative masterpiece."

Following the promulgation of the Basic Law, the Chinese government began preparation work for the establishment of the HKSAR. In July 1993, the NPC Standing Committee authorized the formation of the Preliminary Working Commission of the Preparatory Committee of the HKSAR (the Preliminary Working Commission). In January 1996, the Preparatory Committee of the HKSAR of the NPC (the Preparatory Committee) was established. Both the commission and the committee did a great deal of work for the smooth transition and transfer of government in Hong Kong.

On July 1, 1997, the Chinese government resumed its exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong. At the same time, the HKSAR was established and the Basic Law came into effect. Hong Kong entered a new epoch characterized by "one country, two systems," "Hong Kong people governing Hong Kong" and a high degree of autonomy. As members of the big Chinese family, the people of Hong Kong and the people of the mainland share the pride and glory of the great mother country, and bear the common responsibility and mission of rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.


II. Establishment of the Special Administrative Region System in Hong Kong

The system of the special administrative region, as prescribed in the Constitution of the People's Republic of China and the Basic Law of the HKSAR, is a special administrative system developed by the state for certain regions. Under this system, the central government exercises overall jurisdiction over the HKSAR, including the powers directly exercised by the central government, and the powers delegated to the HKSAR by the central government to enable it to exercise a high degree of autonomy in accordance with the law. The central government has the power of oversight over the exercise of a high degree of autonomy in the HKSAR.

1. The Central Leadership Directly Exercises Jurisdiction over the HKSAR in Accordance with the Law

As prescribed in the Constitution of the People's Republic of China and the Basic Law of the HKSAR, the organs of power by which the central leadership directly exercises jurisdiction over the HKSAR are the NPC and its Standing Committee, the president of the state, the Central People's Government, and the Central Military Commission. The NPC decided on the establishment of the HKSAR, formulated the Basic Law of the HKSAR to prescribe the system to be instituted in the HKSAR, and has the power of amendment to the Basic Law. The NPC Standing Committee has the power of interpretation regarding the Basic Law of the HKSAR, the power of decision on revising the selection methods of the chief executive and the Legislative Council of the HKSAR, the power of supervision over the laws formulated by the legislative organs of the HKSAR, the power of decision on the HKSAR entering a state of emergency, and the power of making new authorization for the HKSAR. The HKSAR comes directly under the Central People's Government, and its chief executive is accountable to the Central People's Government. The Central People's Government appoints the chief executive and the principal officials, is responsible for foreign affairs relating to the HKSAR in accordance with the law, and issues directives to the chief executive. The Central Military Commission is the leading body of the Hong Kong garrison, and performs defense and other duties. The central authorities perform overall jurisdiction and constitutional duties as prescribed in the Constitution of the People's Republic of China and in the Basic Law of the HKSAR, and exercise effective administration over the HKSAR.

-Forming the power organs of the HKSAR. Prior to the return of Hong Kong, the Preparatory Committee of the HKSAR completed the organization of the Selection Committee of the First Government of the HKSAR. The Selection Committee elected Tung Chee-hwa as the first chief executive of the HKSAR, and then the Central People's Government appointed him as the chief executive. The Selection Committee also elected members of the interim Legislative Council. The first chief executive, Tung Chee-hwa, appointed the judges of the Court of Final Appeal, and the chief justice of the High Court. The completion of the above work ensured the effective administration of the HKSAR by the central leadership upon its establishment. After the return of Hong Kong to China, the Central People's Government appointed Tung Chee-hwa, Donald Tsang and Leung Chun-ying, all elected, as chief executives of the HKSAR in that order, and appointed and dismissed key officials of their administrations. China's state leaders attended the inauguration ceremonies of the chief executives and key government officials, and heard them take their oaths of office.

-Supporting and guiding the administration of the chief executive and government of the HKSAR in accordance with the law. The chief executive reports his/her work to the central government on an annual basis, on the implementation of the Basic Law and other items for which he/she is accountable to the central government; and the state leaders give guidance to the chief executive on major matters related to the implementation of the Basic Law. The central government has established the Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office of the State Council as an administrative office of the State Council to handle Hong Kong and Macau affairs. The office works to implement the "one country, two systems" principle and related directives of the central government, and is responsible for communicating with the government of the HKSAR. The Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in the HKSAR is a resident organ of the Central People's Government in Hong Kong. Its duties involve communication with the Office of the Commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the HKSAR and the PLA Hong Kong Garrison, the promotion of exchanges and cooperation between Hong Kong and the mainland in various areas, communication with personages from all sectors of Hong Kong society, and the handling of affairs involving Taiwan.

-Responsible for foreign affairs involving the HKSAR. First, the central leadership supports the HKSAR in actively carrying out international exchanges and cooperation; supports and assists the HKSAR in participating in international organizations and conferences in a proper capacity; assists the HKSAR in bidding to host important international conferences of various kinds, and supports the HKSAR in developing international conference centers, regional legal services and dispute settlement centers; supports the recommendation of Hong Kong residents to take up posts in international organizations; supports the promotion of visa waivers for HKSAR passport holders in other countries and regions; and supports the work of trade offices of the HKSAR government in other countries and regions. Second, the role of the central leadership also includes properly handling legal issues involving Hong Kong, such as the application of international conventions in Hong Kong. The number of multilateral treaties and amendments that have become applicable in the HKSAR now exceeds 170, and the number of agreements concluded with other countries with the authorization of the central government regarding investment protection, civil aviation, taxation and judicial assistance has reached 338. The central government assists the HKSAR in accepting reviews on the implementation of international conventions, supports it in maintaining and developing ties, and in signing and implementing treaties and agreements with other countries, regions and related international organizations in the name of "Hong Kong, China" in the areas of economy, trade, finance, maritime transport, communications, tourism, culture and sports. It also authorizes and assists Hong Kong in conducting judicial cooperation with other countries. Third, it ratifies the establishment of consulates and other governmental or quasi-governmental organizations of foreign countries in the HKSAR. Currently, there are 66 consulates-general set up by foreign countries under related agreements in the HKSAR, with 73 honorary consuls. Fourth, it strives to ensure the safety and legitimate rights and interests of Hong Kong compatriots while in other countries, and actively offers consular protection to Hong Kong travelers abroad. By the end of 2013, Chinese embassies and consulates overseas had handled over 10,000 cases of consular protection involving Hong Kong residents. Fifth, it prevents foreign forces from interfering in Hong Kong's affairs. Hong Kong's affairs are internal affairs of China, and the Chinese government has made timely representations with certain countries through diplomatic channels regarding their words and actions of interference. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs has established the Office of the Commissioner in the HKSAR to attend to foreign affairs involving Hong Kong.

-Responsible for the defense of the HKSAR. The central leadership made the decision and authorized the formation of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) Hong Kong Garrison in January 1996, and on December 30 the same year, the 23rd Session of the Eighth NPC Standing Committee adopted the Law of the People's Republic of China on Garrisoning the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. At midnight on July 1, 1997, troops of the PLA Hong Kong Garrison entered Hong Kong to take over the defense of the HKSAR. The Garrison's duties include guarding against and resisting aggression, ensuring the security of the HKSAR, performing defense services, managing military installations, and handling military affairs involving other countries in accordance with the law. The Garrison adheres to the law in performing its duties, and oversees military conduct in accordance with the law. It diligently fulfills its duties in defense, organizing sea and air patrols and carrying out search and rescue exercises in case of maritime or air emergencies, joint exercises of combined arms, and cross-district maneuvers, vigorously safeguarding China's sovereignty and territorial integrity. The Garrison also actively takes part in activities to promote the public good in Hong Kong, inviting local residents to visit the Garrison barracks and holding summer military camps for young students, in an effort to strengthen ties between the Garrison and the local community. All this has helped enhance the mutual understanding and trust between the Garrison and the people of Hong Kong, fully exemplifying the valor and good conduct of the PLA.

-Exercising power granted to the NPC Standing Committee by the Constitution of the PRC and the Basic Law of the HKSAR. First, the NPC Standing Committee keeps record of the laws drawn up by the legislature of the HKSAR for review. By the end of 2013, the HKSAR had reported a total of 570 local laws to the NPC Standing Committee for the record. Second, it adds or subtracts national laws applicable in the HKSAR as listed in Annex III of the Basic Law of the HKSAR. Currently, 12 national laws are listed in Annex III of the Basic Law of the HKSAR for implementation. Third, it makes new authorizations to the HKSAR. In 1996, the NPC Standing Committee empowered the HKSAR government to appoint its immigration department as the office to accept applications for nationality in the HKSAR and handle the applications in accordance with the Nationality Law and its interpretations. In 2006, the NPC Standing Committee authorized the HKSAR to run the Hong Kong section of the Shenzhen Bay Port in accordance with the laws of the HKSAR. Fourth, it makes interpretations regarding the Basic Law of the HKSAR. The NPC Standing Committee made interpretations of the related articles of the Basic Law in 1999, 2004, 2005 and 2011 on the following questions respectively: the right of abode in Hong Kong for permanent Hong Kong residents' children born outside Hong Kong and with Chinese nationality, the legal procedure for modifying the selection methods of the chief executive and the Legislative Council, the length of the term of a by-elected chief executive, and the principles of state immunity, and interpretations of relevant provisions in the Basic Law and its appendixes. Fifth, it decides on issues relating to the constitutional development in the HKSAR. The NPC Standing Committee made decisions in 2004 and 2007, respectively, on the selection method of the chief executive for 2007 and the Legislative Council for 2008, and the selection method of the chief executive, the Legislative Council and the general election for 2012. Sixth, it ratifies and keeps record of the amendments to the selection methods of the chief executive and Legislative Council of the HKSAR. In 2010, the NPC Standing Committee ratified the HKSAR's amendment to the selection method of the chief executive for 2012, agreeing to put on record the amendment to the selection method and voting procedure of the Legislative Council for 2012. Seventh, it keeps records of the appointment and removal of the judges of the Court of Final Appeal and the chief judge of the High Court of the HKSAR. In addition, according to the Basic Law of the HKSAR and relevant decisions of the NPC, the Basic Law Committee of the HKSAR of the NPC Standing Committee, established on July 1, 1997, when the Basic Law came into effect, is composed of members from the mainland and Hong Kong, and is responsible for providing opinions to the NPC Standing Committee on issues such as whether the laws drawn up by the HKSAR's legislature comply with the provisions of the Basic Law on the range of affairs responsible by the central government and the relationship between the central government and the HKSAR, on adding or subtracting the national laws applicable in Hong Kong as listed in Annex III and on the interpretation or revision of the Basic Law, and related issues. (more)

2. The HKSAR Exercises a High Degree of Autonomy in Accordance with the Law

After the establishment of the HKSAR, the previous capitalist system and way of life remain unchanged in Hong Kong, and existing laws remain basically unchanged. Adhering to the law, the HKSAR protects the right of ownership of private property, maintains the status of Hong Kong as a free port and a separate customs territory, maintains independent finances, practices an independent taxation system, and formulates its own policies regarding trade, finance, education, science, culture, public health and sports. In accordance with the Basic Law of the HKSAR and the decision of the NPC Standing Committee on handling the laws previously practiced in Hong Kong, the laws previously in force in Hong Kong, that is, the common law, rules of equity, ordinances, subordinate legislation and customary law are maintained, except for any that contravene the Basic Law and are subject to any amendment by the legislature of the HKSAR. On this basis, the HKSAR exercises a high degree of autonomy, and fully exercises its administrative, legislative and independent judicial power, including that of final adjudication.

The chief executive of the HKSAR is the head of the Special Administrative Region. He/she represents the HKSAR and is accountable to both the Central People's Government and the HKSAR. The chief executive is also the head of the government of the Special Administrative Region, and exercises powers and functions conferred by the Basic Law, such as leading the government of the region and being responsible for the implementation of the Basic Law. While exercising his/her powers and functions, the chief executive shall implement the directives issued by the Central People's Government in respect of the relevant matters provided for in the Basic Law of the HKSAR. The government of the HKSAR is composed of permanent residents of Hong Kong in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Basic Law, with a Department of Administration, a Department of Finance, a Department of Justice, and various bureaus, divisions and commissions to exercise powers and functions such as formulating and implementing policies and conducting administrative affairs, as prescribed by the Basic Law. The HKSAR enjoys administrative power in a wide range of areas, including the economy, education, science, culture, sports, religion, social services, public order, and control of entry and exit of the region. In addition, the HKSAR conducts external affairs as authorized by the Central People's Government.

The Legislative Council of the HKSAR is the legislature of the HKSAR. It is formed by election, and exercises the following powers and functions in accordance with the Basic Law: enacting, amending or repealing laws in accordance with the provisions of the Basic Law and legal procedures; examining and approving budgets introduced by the government, and approving taxation and public expenditure, among others. The HKSAR enjoys legislative power in a wide range of areas, and is empowered to formulate laws relating to civil, criminal and commercial affairs, as well as judicial proceedings, for application in the region in accordance with the Basic Law. The laws drawn up by the Legislative Council of the HKSAR must be reported to the NPC Standing Committee for the record. If the NPC Standing Committee, after consulting the Committee for the Basic Law of the HKSAR, considers that any law enacted by the legislature of the region is not in conformity with the provisions of the Basic Law regarding affairs within the responsibility of the central leadership or regarding the relationship between the central leadership and the region, the Standing Committee may return the law in question but shall not amend it. Any law returned by the NPC Standing Committee is immediately invalidated.

The courts of the HKSAR at all levels are the judiciary of the region, exercising the judicial power of the region. After the establishment of the HKSAR, the Court of Final Appeal was established to exercise the power of final adjudication in the region. The judicial system previously practiced in Hong Kong is maintained except for those changes consequent upon the establishment of the Court of Final Appeal. The common law and relevant judicial principles and systems previously practiced in Hong Kong, including the principle of independent adjudication, the principle of following precedents, and the jury system, continue to apply. The courts of the HKSAR have no jurisdiction over acts of state such as defense and foreign affairs. They have jurisdiction over all civil and criminal cases in the region, except that the restrictions on their jurisdiction imposed by the legal system and principles previously in force in Hong Kong are maintained. When adjudicating cases, the courts of the HKSAR may refer to precedents of other common law jurisdictions, and the Court of Final Appeal may as required invite judges from other common law jurisdictions to sit in the Court of Final Appeal.


III. Comprehensive Progress Made in Various Undertakings in the HKSAR

Since the establishment of the HKSAR, the government of the Special Administrative Region has, with energetic support from the central government and the mainland, rallied people of all walks of life in Hong Kong, worked hard and overcome difficulties, made full use of the advantage of the policy of "one country, two systems," maintained overall social, economic and political stability, promoted the development of all undertakings and made new achievements one after another.

-HKSAR residents' fundamental rights and freedoms are fully protected. Hong Kong residents enjoy basic rights and freedoms in accordance with the law, which are under the full protection of the Constitution, the Basic Law and the local laws. The Constitution and the Basic Law safeguard the HKSAR residents' fundamental rights and freedoms at the constitutional level. The HKSAR provides further protection to residents' rights and freedoms by enacting the Sex Discrimination Ordinance, Race Discrimination Ordinance, Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance, Independent Police Complaints Council (IPCC) Ordinance, Minimum Wage Ordinance and other ordinances. A multitude of organs, including the Equal Opportunity Commission, Office of the Privacy Commissioner for Personal Data, Office of the Ombudsman, Legal Aid Department, Independent Police Complaints Council, Legal Aid Services Council, Women's Commission and Commission on Poverty, have been set up by the HKSAR government to help promote and protect HKSAR residents' fundamental rights and freedoms.In addition, the Basic Law explicitly stipulates that Chinese citizens who are residents of the HKSAR shall be entitled to participation in the management of state affairs according to law. In accordance with the assigned number of seats and the selection method specified by the NPC, the Chinese citizens among the HKSAR residents elect deputies of the region to the NPC to participate in the work of China's supreme organ of state power. The HKSAR has held in succession four such elections and 36 deputies were elected each time by the broadly representative Conference for Electing Deputies of the HKSAR to the NPC. The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) always values the participation of Hong Kong compatriots. Aside from specially inviting Hong Kong personages, other CPPCC groups also include representatives from Hong Kong. The 12th CPPCC National Committee had a 124-member Hong Kong group, and 16 other CPPCC groups had 82 members from Hong Kong.

-The democratic political system has been steadily promoted. Before the return of Hong Kong to China in 1997, the United Kingdom designated governors to enforce colonial rule over Hong Kong for more than 150 years. Since 1997, the HKSAR government and the legislature have been composed of local residents. The chief executive of the HKSAR is appointed by the Central People's Government on the basis of the results of elections or consultations held locally; the legislature of the HKSAR is established by elections. The Basic Law of the HKSAR explicitly stipulates that the chief executive and all the members of the Legislative Council must be elected by universal suffrage, making universal suffrage a legal objective.

Since the establishment of the HKSAR, the central government and the HKSAR government have unswervingly and steadily promoted Hong Kong's democratic political system, featuring the election methods for the chief executive and the Legislative Council, according to the Basic Law and relevant decisions of the NPC Standing Committee.


The election of the chief executive of the HKSAR has become increasingly democratic. Candidates for the first chief executive were elected by a 400-member Selection Committee, while candidates for the second, third and fourth chief executives were elected by the Election Committee, the membership of which in the meantime had grown from 800 to 1,200. Members of the Election Committee came from the four major sectors of "industry, commerce and finance," "the professions," "labor, social services, religious and other sectors" and "members of the Legislative Council, representatives of district boards and Heung Yee Kuk, HKSAR deputies to the NPC, and representatives of HKSAR members of the National Committee of the CPPCC" in equal proportions. Such a composition is an expression of equal participation and broad representativeness.

The election of the Legislative Council is becoming more and more direct. The first Legislative Council formed in 1998 had 20 members elected directly by geographical constituencies, 30 members by functional constituencies, and ten members by the Election Committee. The second Legislative Council formed in 2000 had 24 members elected directly by geographical constituencies, 30 members by functional constituencies, and six members by the Election Committee. The third and fourth Legislative Councils formed respectively in 2004 and 2008 both had 30 members elected directly by geographical constituencies, and 30 members by functional constituencies. The membership of the fifth Legislative Council elected in 2012 expanded to 70, including 35 members elected directly by geographical constituencies and 35 members by functional constituencies. The additional five members elected by functional constituencies were nominated by district boards, and elected by voters who had enjoyed no right to vote under functional constituencies.

The timetable has been set for universal suffrage. The 31st Session of the Standing Committee of the Tenth NPC made a decision on December 29, 2007 "that the election of the fifth chief executive of the HKSAR in 2017 may be implemented by the method of universal suffrage; that after the chief executive is selected by universal suffrage, the election of the Legislative Council of the HKSAR may be implemented by the method of electing all the members by universal suffrage," thus setting a timetable for the selection of the chief executive and all members of the Legislative Council by universal suffrage. From December 4, 2013 to May 3, 2014, the HKSAR government initiated a five-month public consultation on the election of the chief executive in 2017 and that of the Legislative Council in 2016, starting the relevant procedures for introducing universal suffrage. (more)

-The HKSAR has maintained steady economic growth. From 1997 to 2013, Hong Kong's Gross Regional Product (GRP) grew by 3.4 percent annually in real terms, and its per-capita GRP increased by a total of 39.3 percent calculated in US dollar. According to the 2013 statistics of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Hong Kong's GRP and per-capita GRP, respectively, ranked the 35th and 7th in the world, as calculated by purchasing power parity.

Hong Kong has maintained and enhanced its status as an international financial, trade and shipping center. As an important international banking center, Hong Kong boasts the world's sixth-largest securities market and fifth-largest foreign exchange market. Hong Kong ranks high in various lists of international financial centers. As the world's ninth-largest trading economy, Hong Kong has regular trading ties with almost every country and region in the world. Hong Kong is one of the world's largest container shipping ports and fourth-largest ship-registration center. The Hong Kong International Airport is one of the world's busiest. Its air freight volume has led the world for many years, and its passenger transport volume ranks fifth.

Hong Kong's robust industries have been strengthened even further. Trade and logistics, tourism, finance, and professional services and support services for industry and commerce continue to play an important role as Hong Kong's four pillar industries. In 2012, these four sectors employed 47.2 percent of Hong Kong's total working population, and their added value accounted for 58 percent of Hong Kong's total GRP. Hong Kong also focuses on the cultivation and development of the cultural and creative, innovation and technology, testing and certification, and environmental protection industries.

Hong Kong has maintained a sound business environment, and is generally recognized as one of the world's freest economies. For many years, it has ranked high in the World Bank's evaluation of business environments of 185 economies. In its World Investment Report 2013, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) ranked Hong Kong the third in the world in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI). For many years, Hong Kong has been listed among the world's most competitive economies by the World Competitiveness Yearbook compiled by the International Institute for Management Development based in Lausanne, Switzerland.

-Social programs have been further enhanced. Hong Kong leads the Asia-Pacific region in education, as the HKSAR government continues to increase its investment in education, the biggest government expenditure item. During the 2014-2015 fiscal year, the HKSAR government's current budgetary spending on education reached HK$75.37 billion. Since the 2008-2009 school year, Hong Kong has implemented 12-year free education in public schools. The University of Hong Kong and the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology are among Asia's top-ten universities, according to the Times Higher Education Asian University Rankings 2013. The University of Hong Kong was the 43rd according to the World University Rankings 2013-2014. Hong Kong continues to rank high in the global test of the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2012, which reflects the quality of primary education.

Hong Kong continues to provide quality medical and health care services. During the 2014-2015 fiscal year, the HKSAR government's budget for expenditure on medical and health care is HK$52.4 billion, accounting for 17 percent of the government's recurrent expenditure. All Hong Kong residents enjoy equal access to affordable public medical services. By the end of 2012, Hong Kong had more than 35,500 beds in various medical institutions. The infant mortality rate dropped from 4 per thousand in 1997 to 1.6 per thousand in 2013, which is among the world's lowest. In 2013, the life expectancy of Hong Kong's male and female residents was 80.9 years and 86.6 years, respectively, which are among the world's highest.

Cultural and sports activities are flourishing in Hong Kong, where the Chinese and foreign cultures intermingle. The HKSAR government encourages the diverse development of Hong Kong's culture and promotes cultural exchanges. Four unique Hong Kong cultural events were added to the third batch of the State-level Non-material Cultural Heritage List, namely, Yu Lan Ghost Festival, Tai Hang fire dragon dance, Tai O dragon boat parade, and Cheung Chau Jiao Festival. Hong Kong hosted the equestrian events of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games, and the fifth East Asian Games in 2009. Hong Kong athletes have excelled themselves in events such as windsurfing, table tennis, cycling and martial arts during the Olympics, World Championships and Asian Championships.

Hong Kong's social security service has been continuously improved. During the fiscal year 2014-2015 the HKSAR government's budget for social welfare reached HK$61.9 billion, 3.03 times as compared with the HK$20.4 billion during the fiscal year 1997-1998. Hong Kong has put in place a multilayer and diversified social security and welfare service system. Hong Kong has more than 400 social service agencies, and the number of registered social workers has increased from 8,300 at the end of 1998 to more than 18,000 today. The HKSAR government actively promotes the construction of public housing, moves low-wage residents into public housing, and provides financial aid to those who purchase housing units. Around half of Hong Kong's residents live in housing provided or funded by the government. Among them, more than 2 million live in rented public housing, and over 1 million have purchased housing units with government financial aid.

-Hong Kong's international exchanges and its international influence have further expanded. Hong Kong's international exchanges have been broadened. By June 2013, Hong Kong, as a member of a Chinese government delegation or in other appropriate capacities, had participated in 41 events held by inter-governmental international organizations, and joined 37 inter-governmental international organizations whose membership is not limited to sovereign states. As a member of a Chinese government delegation or in other appropriate capacities, Hong Kong has attended more than 1,400 international meetings; using the name of "Hong Kong, China" it has attended more than 20,000 international meetings not limited to states. It has also hosted or co-hosted more than 1,000 international meetings. The HKSAR has visa waiver agreements with 42 countries, and 150 countries or regions provide visa-free entry or grant visas upon arrival to HKSAR passports holders. Hong Kong has civil air transport agreements, agreements on avoidance of double taxation, agreements on investment promotion and protection, and agreements on criminal justice assistance with many countries. The HKSAR government has economic and trade offices in 11 places, such as Geneva, London, Tokyo, New York and Berlin. Six international organizations, including the European Commission, have representative offices in Hong Kong.

Outstanding Hong Kong professionals have taken important positions in international organizations. Supported by the central government, Chan Fung Fu-chun, former director of health of the HKSAR, was elected director-general of the World Health Organization (WHO) in November 2006, and was reelected in May 2012. She is the first Chinese to head an inter-government international organization since the founding of the United Nations. Shun Chi-ming, director of the Hong Kong Observatory, was elected president of the Commission for Aeronautical Meteorology of the World Meteorological Organization in February 2010.

IV. Efforts Made by the Central Government to Ensure the Prosperity and Development of the HKSAR

The central government has always given high priority to Hong Kong's economic development and improvement of its people's livelihood, and fully supported it in meeting various difficulties and challenges. It gives full play to its role in adopting and executing the national development strategy, and actively promotes exchanges and cooperation between Hong Kong and the mainland, thus providing solid backing for Hong Kong's prosperity and stability.

1. Supporting the HKSAR in Defusing Risks and Meeting Challenges

-Supporting Hong Kong in the fight against the Asian financial crisis. In 1997, the Asian financial crisis broke out, and spread rapidly around the region. Hong Kong was attacked by international speculative forces, its financial market was volatile, its dollar pegged exchange rate system came under attack, and its financial system faced a grave threat. Given these circumstances, the central government solemnly announced that it would safeguard the stability and prosperity of the HKSAR at all costs, strongly support the HKSAR government in protecting the pegged exchange rate system, and not depreciate the RMB. With this support from the central government, the HKSAR government took swift measures that ensured the stability of its financial system and the Hong Kong society.

-Supporting Hong Kong in the fight against SARS. In the first half of 2003, the SARS epidemic hit Hong Kong. It not only posed a threat to the lives and health of the Hong Kong people, but also dealt a blow to Hong Kong's economy that had not recovered from the Asian financial crisis, resulting in deflation, market slump and a high unemployment rate of 8.7 percent. To ensure the safety of life of the Hong Kong people and help the Hong Kong economy climb out of recession, the central government promptly lent a helping hand. Although the mainland also needed medical supplies in the fight against SARS, the central government provided a large quantity of free medical supplies to Hong Kong. The Chinese leaders also went to the hardest-hit areas and hospitals of Hong Kong to inspect local conditions and console victims. On June 29, the mainland and Hong Kong signed the Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA), which outlines the steps that the mainland and Hong Kong should take in trade in goods and services, and trade and investment facilitation as well as the goals to be achieved. Later, the Individual Visit Scheme was introduced, allowing mainland residents to visit Hong Kong on their own. These measures helped Hong Kong overcome the SARS attack and boosted its economic growth.

-Supporting Hong Kong in the fight against the international financial crisis. When the international financial crisis broke out in the second half of 2008, the central government was highly concerned about its impact on Hong Kong. In December of that year, it introduced 14 policies to ensure economic and financial stability in Hong Kong. In January 2009, the central government launched more policies, including the signing of a RMB200 billion currency swap agreement by the People's Bank of China with the Hong Kong Monetary Authority. Later, when visiting Hong Kong, the Chinese leaders announced a number of policies to support Hong Kong's economic development, improve the local people's livelihood, and strengthen its exchanges and cooperation with the mainland. All these policies played a positive role in boosting confidence, strengthening capability to defuse risks and stimulating the economic recovery of Hong Kong.

2. Supporting the HKSAR in Reinforcing and Enhancing Its Competitive Strengths

-Supporting Hong Kong as an international center of finance, trade and shipping. The central government supports Hong Kong in launching individual use of RMB, issuing RMB bonds and conducting trials of RMB settlement in cross-border trade, thus consolidating Hong Kong's position as a leading offshore RMB market. It has continued to encourage the listing of mainland enterprises on the stock market in Hong Kong, and introduced other measures to support Hong Kong's financial sector. In 2013, a total of 216 Hong Kong banks joined the RMB clearing platform, and the amount of cross-border RMB settlement in Hong Kong reached RMB3.84 trillion, accounting for 82.9 percent of the total cross-border RMB settlement of China. The balance of Hong Kong's RMB customer deposits and depository receipts reached RMB1 trillion. Hong Kong has become the world's largest offshore RMB trading center. After the signing of the CEPA in 2003 and its coming into force in January 2004, the mainland signed and implemented ten supplementary agreements with Hong Kong. The mainland now gives zero tariff treatment to all products of Hong Kong origin. From that time to the end of 2013, the mainland imported from Hong Kong goods worth US$7.161 billion under the CEPA, with tariff preference of RMB3.983 billion for Hong Kong. The mainland also adopted a total of 403 liberalization measures in respect of trade in services. Based on WTO classification, the mainland has opened to Hong Kong 149 areas of trade in services under the CEPA and its supplementary agreements, accounting for 93.1 percent of the total number of such areas of the mainland. This makes the CEPA the most open agreement on free trade that the mainland has ever signed. In addition, Guangdong Province has adopted 82 pilot measures to open its services industries to Hong Kong. When drawing up the National Plan for the Layout of Coastal Ports, and the 12th Five-Year Plan for the Comprehensive Development of Transportation Systems, the central government took into account the need to consolidate and enhance Hong Kong's position as an international shipping center.

-Supporting Hong Kong in developing its tourism and retail sectors, and Hong Kong-invested companies on the mainland. At the request of the HKSAR government, the central government gradually expanded the Individual Visit Scheme to 49 pilot cities, with a total population of over 300 million. By the end of 2013, some 129 million mainland residents had visited Hong Kong under the Individual Visit Scheme. According to estimate of the HKSAR government, in 2012 alone the Individual Visit Scheme contributed to 1.3 percent increase of Hong Kong's GRP of the year, and it created more than 110,000 jobs, accounting for 3.1 percent of the local employment. To bring more benefits to medium-sized and small businesses and residents in Hong Kong, the central government also allows Hong Kong residents to start individual businesses on the mainland. By the end of 2013, a total of 5,982 individual businesses opened by Hong Kong residents had been registered on the mainland, employing 16,476 people. The central government encourages the development of Hong Kong processing and trading companies on the mainland, and has assisted the transformation and upgrading of Hong Kong-invested companies on the mainland. In 2009, Guangdong Province introduced 30 policies to help companies established with Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan investment weather the international financial crisis and accelerate their transformation and upgrading. In December 2011, the central government issued the Guidelines on Promoting the Transformation and Upgrading of Processing Trade, and set up demonstration zones and pilot cities for the transformation and upgrading of processing trade in Suzhou and Dongguan, as well as 44 key areas in central and western China to relocate enterprises of processing trade in a phased way.

3. Supporting the HKSAR in Strengthening Exchanges and Cooperation in Various Fields with the Mainland

Since Hong Kong's return to China in 1997, the central government has made the maintenance of its prosperity and stability an important part of the country's overall development strategy. Both the 10th and 11th Five-Year Plans stress the need to ensure lasting prosperity and stability in Hong Kong, and strengthen its position as an international center of finance, trade and shipping. In the 12th Five-Year Plan, for the first time, the development of Hong Kong and Macau is dealt with in an independent section. This has further defined Hong Kong's strategic position in China's development strategy and stressed the state support for Hong Kong in enhancing its competitive edge, fostering emerging industries and deepening economic cooperation with the mainland.

-Supporting the HKSAR further in developing economic and trade cooperation with the mainland. The implementation of the CEPA and its supplementary agreements has removed a great deal of institutional barriers in trade, investment and other sectors between Hong Kong and the mainland, strengthened their economic and trade relations, and broadened the range of cooperation, with both sides benefiting from their cooperation. Currently, the mainland is the largest trading partner of Hong Kong. According to Hong Kong statistics, in 2013 the trade volume between Hong Kong and the mainland reached HK$3.8913 trillion, 3.49 times that of 1997 and accounting for 51.1 percent of Hong Kong's external trade. At the same time, Hong Kong is the mainland's most important trading partner, a key export market and the mainland's largest off-shore financial center. By the end of 2013, mainland enterprises listed in Hong Kong had totaled 797, accounting for 48.5 percent of the total number of Hong Kong listed companies. In addition, their total market value had reached HK$13.7 trillion, accounting for 56.9 percent of the total value of the Hong Kong stock market. In addition, the mainland and Hong Kong are each other's largest source of overseas direct investment (ODI). By the end of 2013, Hong Kong's ODI from the mainland had exceeded US$358.8 billion, accounting for nearly 60 percent of the mainland's total ODI; the mainland had approved nearly 360,000 projects with Hong Kong investment, involving US$665.67 billion in total and accounting for 47.7 percent of the mainland's total ODI.

-Supporting the HKSAR in strengthening cooperation with mainland provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government, particularly Guangdong Province. The central government has endorsed the establishment of the Hong Kong-Guangdong Cooperation Joint Conference, and the Pan-Pearl River Delta Regional Cooperation and Development Forum. It approved the implementation of the Outline of the Plan for the Reform and Development of the Pearl River Delta (2008-2020), the Overall Development Plan of Hengqin, the Overall Development Plan for the Qianhai Shenzhen-Hong Kong Modern Service Industry Cooperation Zone, and the Development Plan for the Nansha New District of Guangzhou, and approved the signing by Guangdong with the HKSAR of the Framework Agreement on Hong Kong-Guangdong Cooperation, which identifies the three key areas of cooperation, namely, building the Hengqin New District of Zhuhai, the Qianhai Shenzhen-Hong Kong Modern Service Industry Cooperation Zone and the Nansha New District of Guangzhou, the central government has urged Guangdong and Hong Kong to work together to build more competitive world-class urban cluster with cutting-edge manufacturing and service industries. The central government has also approved the establishment by the HKSAR of regional cooperation mechanisms with Beijing and Shanghai, and supported the HKSAR government to set up offices on the mainland. Currently, in addition to its Beijing Office, the HKSAR government has also set up commercial offices in Guangzhou, Shanghai, Chengdu and Wuhan, and liaison offices in Shenzhen, Chongqing and Fuzhou, which are instrumental in promoting Hong Kong's economic and trade cooperation with the various localities in the mainland and exchanges in other areas.

-Supporting efforts by the HKSAR and the mainland in cross-border infrastructure construction and facilitation for personnel and cargo customs clearance. The Hong Kong-Shenzhen Western Corridor, which opened to traffic in 2007, has become the fourth land passage linking Hong Kong with the mainland. The Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge, the construction of which started in 2009 and scheduled for completion in 2016, will connect Hong Kong in the east and Zhuhai and Macau in the west, and will become a new road transport corridor linking eastern and western banks of the Pearl River. The Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong High-Speed Railway, when completed, will connect Hong Kong with China's national high-speed rail network. As things stand now, the mainland and Hong Kong have achieved full mutual recognition of inspection results at all land and water ports. In 2013, a total of 40.75 million mainland residents visited Hong Kong, which was 17.3 times that of 1997; while 76.88 million Hong Kong residents visited the mainland, up from 39.77 million in 1997.

-Supporting the HKSAR in strengthening exchanges and cooperation with the mainland in education, science and technology, culture and some other fields. The central government has supported universities of Hong Kong and the mainland in enrolling students from each other; supported cooperation in academic affairs between institutions of higher learning of Hong Kong and the mainland, and supported teaching staff and students from the two sides in carrying out exchange activities. It has supported Hong Kong's institutions of higher learning, research bodies and the science and technology parks in Hong Kong in setting up Partner Labs of Key State Laboratories, the Hong Kong branch of the National Engineering Research Center and the National High-tech Industrialization Base; supported Hong Kong universities in establishing research institutes in Shenzhen; supported Hong Kong science workers and institutions in applying for projects under China's National Research Program; and endeavored to make the country's key sci-tech projects more accessible to Hong Kong. In 2005, the mainland and Hong Kong signed the Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Cultural Ties Arrangement Agreement, launching overall cooperation in cultural conservation, and industrial development and exchanges. The central government supported Hong Kong, Macau and Guangdong in jointly and successfully including the Yueju opera in the UNESCO's Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2009; and supported Hong Kong's successful bid to list its Geopark in Sai Kung as part of the UNESCO Global Geoparks Network in 2011. It has also supported Hong Kong in joint production of films with the mainland; since the signing of the CEPA, Hong Kong and the mainland have worked together in producing 322 films, accounting for 70 percent of mainland's total in such area. The central government has supported Hong Kong in cooperating with the mainland in sports personnel exchanges, training and some other aspects. It invites Hong Kong athletes to take part in National Games and other events. It has also supported exchanges and cooperation between the two sides in the development of traditional Chinese medicine, health care management, notification and prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, notification and cooperation in cases of public health crises, etc.

-Supporting the HKSAR government in establishing exchange and cooperation mechanisms with relevant departments of the central government. The HKSAR government has established a number of exchange and cooperation mechanisms at different levels and covering different areas with relevant departments of the central government to coordinate and promote related work. For example, the two sides established the CEPA Joint Steering Committee to oversee the implementation of the CEPA, solve problems, and supplement and amend the CEPA; and cooperation mechanisms in the areas of entry-and-exit control, customs, inspection and quarantine, finance, public health, tourism and other fields, to promote communication, jointly handle emergencies and combat illegal activities. In addition, the central government established a Joint Inter-ministerial Conference System for the Promotion of Qianhai, Nansha and Hengqin, to strengthen guidance, coordination and services for the development and building of the Qianhai Shenzhen-Hong Kong Modern Service Industry Cooperation Zone, Nansha New District in Guangzhou and Hengqin New District in Zhuhai; and the HKSAR government is a member of this system. These mechanisms have played a positive role in promoting mutually beneficial cooperation between Hong Kong and the mainland, and in handling related issues of regional development and governance of common concern.

4. Ensuring Secure and Stable Supplies of Basic Necessities to the HKSAR



Because of the limitations of its natural environment, Hong Kong mainly relies on the mainland for the supply of fresh water, vegetables, meat and other basic necessities. Since the early 1960s, when the mainland opened "three express trains" to supply Hong Kong with fresh and frozen goods, and started the Dongjiang-Shenzhen Water Supply Project, the central government and the relevant local governments on the mainland have made great efforts to ensure the supply of foodstuff, agricultural and sideline products, water, electricity, natural gas, etc., to the HKSAR. By the end of 2013, some 95 percent of live pigs, 100 percent of live cattle, 33 percent of live chicken, 100 percent of freshwater fish, 90 percent of vegetables and 70 percent or more of flour on the Hong Kong market had been supplied by the mainland. The first pass yield of foodstuff supplied by the mainland to Hong Kong has maintained at a fairly high level. In 2013, in accordance with the revised agreement, Guangdong supplied Hong Kong with 606 million cu m of fresh water. From 1994, the Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant started to supply Hong Kong with electricity, and now its annual power supply accounts for a quarter of the annual power consumption of Hong Kong. In 2013, the mainland supplied Hong Kong with 2.531 billion cu m of natural gas.



V. Fully and Accurately Understanding and Implementing the Policy of "One Country, Two Systems"

As a groundbreaking initiative, "one country, two systems" is a major issue of governance to the central leadership, and marks a major historical turning point for Hong Kong and Hong Kong people as well. While comprehensive progress has been made on all fronts in the HKSAR, the practice of "one country, two systems" has come to face new circumstances and new problems. Some people in Hong Kong have yet felt comfortable with the changes. Still some are even confused or lopsided in their understanding of "one country, two systems" and the Basic Law. Many wrong views that are currently rife in Hong Kong concerning its economy, society and development of its political structure are attributable to this. The continued practice of "one country, two systems" in Hong Kong requires that we proceed from the fundamental objectives of maintaining China's sovereignty, security and development interests and maintaining the long-term stability and prosperity of Hong Kong to fully and accurately understand and implement the policy of "one country, two systems," and holistically combine upholding the principle of "one country" with respecting the difference of "two systems," maintaining the power of the central government with ensuring the high degree of autonomy of the HKSAR, and letting the mainland play its role as a strong supporter of the HKSAR with improving the competitive edge of Hong Kong. In no circumstance should we do one thing and neglect the other.

1. Fully and Accurately Understanding the Meaning of "One Country, Two Systems"

"One country, two systems" is a holistic concept. The "one country" means that within the PRC, HKSAR is an inseparable part and a local administrative region directly under China's Central People's Government. As a unitary state, China's central government has comprehensive jurisdiction over all local administrative regions, including the HKSAR. The high degree of autonomy of HKSAR is not an inherent power, but one that comes solely from the authorization by the central leadership. The high degree of autonomy of the HKSAR is not full autonomy, nor a decentralized power. It is the power to run local affairs as authorized by the central leadership. The high degree of autonomy of HKSAR is subject to the level of the central leadership's authorization. There is no such thing called "residual power." With China's Constitution stipulating in clear-cut terms that the country follows a fundamental system of socialism, the basic system, core leadership and guiding thought of the "one country" have been explicitly provided for. The most important thing to do in upholding the "one country" principle is to maintain China's sovereignty, security and development interests, and respect the country's fundamental system and other systems and principles.

The "two systems" means that, within the "one country" the main body of the country practices socialism, while Hong Kong and some other regions practice capitalism. The "one country" is the premise and basis of the "two systems," and the "two systems" is subordinate to and derived from "one country." But the "two systems" under the "one country" are not on a par with each other. The fact that the mainland, the main body of the country, embraces socialism will not change. With that as the premise, and taking into account the history of Hong Kong and some other regions, capitalism is allowed to stay on a long-term basis. Therefore, a socialist system by the mainland is the prerequisite and guarantee for Hong Kong's practicing capitalism and maintaining its stability and prosperity. For Hong Kong to retain its capitalist system and enjoy a high degree of autonomy with "Hong Kong people governing Hong Kong" according to the Basic Law, it must fully respect the socialist system practiced on the mainland in keeping with the "one country" principle and, in particular, the political system and other systems and principles in practice. The mainland should respect and tolerate the capitalism embraced by Hong Kong while upholding its socialist system, and draw on the successful experience of Hong Kong in economic development and social management. Only by respecting and learning from each other can the "two systems" in the "one country" coexist harmoniously and achieve common development.

2. Resolutely Safeguarding the Authority of the Constitution of the PRC and the Basic Law of Hong Kong

The Constitution of the PRC and the Basic Law together constitute the constitutional basis of the HKSAR. As the fundamental law of the country, the Constitution, with supreme legal status and the highest legal authority, is applicable throughout the territory of the People's Republic of China, including the HKSAR. The Basic Law, which was formulated in accordance with the Constitution, provides for the system of the HKSAR and enjoys the legal status as its constitutional law. The systems and policies of the HKSAR are all based on the provisions of the Basic Law; no law enacted by the legislature of the HKSAR shall contravene the Basic Law. All the executive, legislative and judicial practices in the HKSAR must conform to the Basic Law. And all individuals, groups and organizations of the HKSAR shall obey the Basic Law. As a national law, the Basic Law is applicable throughout the country. (more)

Full Text: The Practice of the "One Country, Two Systems" Policy in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (12)
2014-06-10 12:03:51

We should have a full understanding of the provisions of the Basic Law. All the provisions of the Basic Law underlie the HKSAR system. They are not isolated from but interrelated with each other. Each of these provisions must be understood in the context of the Basic Law and the HKSAR system as a whole. The implementation of the Basic Law shows that if we comprehend individual provisions of the Basic Law in an isolated way without taking into account the Basic Law as a whole, stressing one aspect while ignoring others, ambiguity or even contentious interpretation will occur, which will severely hamper the implementation of the Basic Law. Only by comprehensively understanding all the provisions of the Basic Law can we find that the HKSAR system, along with all its components, is an integrated whole complementary to each other and that this system plays the role of protecting the fundamental rights and freedoms of Hong Kong residents, and ensures the prosperity and stability of Hong Kong.

We should respect and uphold the power of interpretation and amendment of the Basic Law vested in the NPC and its Standing Committee. The Basic Law provides that the power of interpretation of the Basic Law shall be vested in the NPC Standing Committee, and the power of amendment shall be vested in the NPC. The Basic Law also provides that the courts of the HKSAR, in the process of adjudication, may give their own interpretation of the provisions in the Basic Law that are within the limits of the autonomy of the HKSAR and other provisions. This power of interpretation comes from the authorization of the NPC Standing Committee. However, if the courts of the HKSAR, in the process of adjudicating cases, need to interpret the provisions of the Basic Law concerning affairs which are the responsibility of the central government, or concerning the relationship between the central authorities and the HKSAR, and if such interpretation will affect the judgments on the cases, the courts of the HKSAR shall, before making their final judgments which are not appealable, seek an interpretation of the relevant provisions from the NPC Standing Committee through the Court of Final Appeal of the HKSAR. When the NPC Standing Committee makes an interpretation of the provisions concerned, the courts of the HKSAR, in applying those provisions, shall follow the interpretation of the NPC Standing Committee, which enjoys the same status with HKSAR laws. The fact that the Standing Committee of the NPC exercises the power of interpretation of the Basic Law in accordance with the law is aimed at maintaining the rule of law in Hong Kong, as it oversees HKSAR's implementation of the Basic Law and protects the high degree of autonomy of the region.



We should improve the systems and mechanisms related to implementing the Basic Law, which will help enhance its authority. Since the Basic Law came into force, a series of systems and mechanisms related to its implementation have been put in place. For example, in amending the method for selection of the chief executive of the HKSAR and method for the formation of the Legislative Council of the HKSAR, a "five-step" legal procedure has been established and the five steps are: the chief executive makes a report to the NPC Standing Committee; the NPC Standing Committee makes a corresponding decision; the Legislative Council endorses the decision; and the chief executive gives his consent; and the NPC Standing Committee approves or puts it on the record. Regarding the interpretation of the Basic Law, the relevant procedures and working mechanisms that have been established include: the NPC Standing Committee interprets the Law on its own initiative; the chief executive makes a report to the State Council, which then submits it to the NPC Standing Committee and asks it to give an interpretation; or the Court of Final Appeal of the HKSAR seeks an interpretation of the relevant provisions from the NPC Standing Committee. Regarding legislation in the HKSAR, the working procedure for the NPC Standing Committee to put on the record of laws enacted by the HKSAR has been established; in terms of judicial aid between the mainland and HKSAR, arrangements have been made in mutual service of judicial documents, reciprocal recognition and enforcement of arbitration awards of civil and commercial cases as well as judgments of certain civil and commercial cases. Regarding accountability the chief executive holds to the central government, a system is in place for the chief executive to make reports to the central government on his/her own work. As the practice of "one country, two systems" continues and the Basic Law is further implemented, it is imperative to further improve the systems and mechanisms in relation to the implementation of the Basic Law. In particular, it is necessary to, with an eye to the lasting peace and order in Hong Kong, exercise well the power invested in the central government as prescribed in the Basic Law and see to it that the relationship between the central government and HKSAR is indeed brought onto a legal and institutionalized orbit.


3. The Hong Kong People Who Govern Hong Kong Should Above All Be Patriotic

There are lines and criteria to be observed in implementing "Hong Kong people governing Hong Kong," that is what Deng Xiaoping stressed, Hong Kong must be governed by the Hong Kong people with patriots as the mainstay, as loyalty to one's country is the minimum political ethic for political figures. Under the policy of "one country, two systems," all those who administrate Hong Kong, including the chief executive, principal officials, members of the Executive Council and Legislative Council, judges of the courts at different levels and other judicial personnel, have on their shoulders the responsibility of correctly understanding and implementing the Basic Law, of safeguarding the country's sovereignty, security and development interests, and of ensuring the long-term prosperity and stability of Hong Kong. In a word, loving the country is the basic political requirement for Hong Kong's administrators. If they are not consisted of by patriots as the mainstay or they cannot be loyal to the country and the HKSAR, the practice of "one country, two systems" in the HKSAR will deviate from its right direction, making it difficult to uphold the country's sovereignty, security and development interests, and putting Hong Kong's stability and prosperity and the wellbeing of its people in serious jeopardy.

The fact that Hong Kong must be governed by patriots is well grounded in laws. Both the Constitution and the Basic Law provide for the establishment of the HKSAR, which works for China's national unification, territorial integrity and maintaining Hong Kong's long-term stability and prosperity. In that context, the Basic Law requires that the chief executive, principal officials, members of the Executive Council, president and over 80 percent of the members of the Legislative Council, chief justice of the Court of Final Appeal and chief judge of the High Court shall be Chinese citizens who are permanent residents of Hong Kong with no right of abode in any foreign country; that, when assuming office, the chief executive, principal officials, members of the Executive Council and Legislative Council, judges of the courts at all levels and other members of the judiciary in the HKSAR must, in accordance with the law, swear to uphold the Basic Law and swear allegiance to the HKSAR of the PRC; and that the chief executive be accountable to the central government and the HKSAR with respect to implementing the Basic Law. All this is necessary for displaying sovereignty, ensuring loyalty to the country by the mainstay of Hong Kong administrators and helping them to subject to oversight by the central government and Hong Kong society, while taking their responsibility for the country, the HKSAR and Hong Kong's residents.

4. Firmly Supporting Chief Executive and the HKSAR Government in Governing Hong Kong in Accordance with the Law

The chief executive, as head of both the HKSAR and its government, is the prime responsible person for implementing the policy of "one country, two systems" and the Basic Law in Hong Kong. The central government has always firmly supported the chief executive and the HKSAR government in governing Hong Kong in accordance with the law, in rallying the broad sections of the Hong Kong society for economic development, in taking effective steps to improve people's livelihood, and in advancing democracy in a gradual and orderly way to promote inclusiveness, mutual support and harmony.

Developing the economy and improving the people's livelihood are common aspirations of the Hong Kong people. They serve as an important basis for solving social problems and ensuring overall stability in the HKSAR, and also the main task before the chief executive and the HKSAR government in governing Hong Kong in accordance with the law. At present, Hong Kong is at a critical juncture of development, with both opportunities and challenges. It should seize the opportunities and vigorously address the salient problems in its economic and social development, so as to bolster and enhance its own competitive edge, maintain a steady economic and social development, and upgrade the texture of people's life. The mainland has always been a powerful backing for Hong Kong.

The central government continues its support for the HKSAR in developing a system of democratic governance that suits the actual conditions in Hong Kong in a gradual and orderly manner as provided for in the provisions of the Basic Law. The ultimate aim of selection of the chief executive will be one by universal suffrage upon nomination by a broadly representative nominating committee in accordance with democratic procedures and the election of all the members of the Legislative Council by universal suffrage. This solemn commitment of the central government has been incorporated in the Basic Law and the relevant resolutions by the NPC Standing Committee. The central government is sincerely in favor of moving Hong Kong's democratic governance forward. The system of universal suffrage for selecting the chief executive and forming the Legislative Council must serve the country's sovereignty, security and development interests, tally with Hong Kong's actual conditions, take into consideration the interests of all social strata, give expression to the principle of equal participation, and be conducive to the development of capitalism in Hong Kong. In particular, the systems must conform to HKSAR's legal status as a local administrative region directly under the central government and accord with the Basic Law and relevant resolutions adopted by the NPC Standing Committee. Furthermore, the chief executive to be elected by universal suffrage must be a person who loves the country and Hong Kong. As long as all sectors of the Hong Kong society hold pragmatic discussions and build a consensus based on the above principles, these two ultimate goals are sure to be reached.

Hong Kong is a free, open and pluralistic society. It is also an international commercial metropolis where Chinese and non-Chinese cultures converge and mingle. Maintaining social harmony and stability serves the interests of all strata and all sectors of the Hong Kong society as well as those of outside investors. It is a prerequisite for retaining Hong Kong's status as an international financial, trade and shipping center. The central government will continue to encourage the people of Hong Kong to carry forward their fine traditions of inclusiveness, mutual support and respect for the rule of law and order. It calls on the Hong Kong people to seek common ground while reserving differences, be tolerant and help each other in the fundamental interests of the nation and the general and long-term interests of Hong Kong, achieve the broadest unity under the banner of loving the country and Hong Kong with strengthened social harmony and stability through compromise and mutual assistance.

5. Continuously Promoting Exchanges and Cooperation Between the Mainland and Hong Kong

Increasingly frequent exchanges and closer cooperation between Hong Kong and the mainland have expanded channels for common development by leveraging complementary advantages. Hong Kong has gained access to enormous space and momentum for development by taking advantage of the broad market and abundant factor resources of the mainland and opportunities of China's rapid development. By consolidating and enhancing its existing advantages, Hong Kong can better play its role in introducing external investment and talents, in absorbing internationally advanced technologies and managerial expertise, in serving as a bridge for implementing China's "go global" strategy, and in helping quicken the shift of the growth mode on the mainland. In addition, Hong Kong's experience can be of reference for the mainland to pursue innovative ways in social and economic management.

As contacts between the mainland and the HKSAR become closer and mutual understanding between the people deepens, the Hong Kong compatriots are getting a stronger sense of national identity and commitment. They pay closer attention to the development of the country and take an active part in the country's modernization drive as well as public welfare activities, such as poverty alleviation, education and protection of the rights of women and children. When the mainland suffered major natural disasters, the Hong Kong compatriots extended generous and active support for the rescue and relief work and post-disaster reconstruction. These fully demonstrate the strong ties of blood and affection between the people on the mainland and the Hong Kong compatriots.

The central government will continue to support the HKSAR government in forming a closer working relationship with relevant government departments at both the central and local levels, support the Hong Kong compatriots in having more exchanges with people on the mainland, and support Hong Kong in playing its unique role in the country's endeavor of comprehensive reform and opening up. The central government encourages Hong Kong to carry out broader and deeper exchanges and cooperation with the mainland, and make concerted efforts with the mainland to build the common home of the Chinese nation.

Conclusion

The implementation of the principle of "one country, two systems" in the HKSAR has achieved widely recognized success. This fully proves that "one country, two systems" is not only the best solution to the Hong Kong question left over from history but also the best institutional arrangement for the long-term prosperity and stability of Hong Kong after its return to the motherland. Firmly advancing the cause of "one country, two systems" is the common wish of all the Chinese people, the Hong Kong compatriots included, and is in the fundamental interests of the country and people, the general and long-term interests of Hong Kong and the interests of foreign investors.

The endeavor to further the practice of "one country, two systems" requires both a comprehensive and accurate understanding and implementation of the policy to ensure that the practice moves forward on the right track and proactive and effective response to the difficulties and challenges confronting Hong Kong in its development. In the face of profound adjustments and changes in the economic environment both within and outside the region, Hong Kong needs to continuously enhance its competitiveness. Some deep-seated problems that have built up over a long period of time are becoming more conspicuous and need to be solved by pooling the efforts of all sectors. The deepening exchanges and cooperation between the HKSAR and the mainland call for better communication and coordination, and the concerns of the people should be properly addressed. Meanwhile, it is necessary to stay alert to the attempt of outside forces to use Hong Kong to interfere in China's domestic affairs, and prevent and repel the attempt made by a very small number of people who act in collusion with outside forces to interfere with the implementation of "one country, two systems" in Hong Kong. A proper handling of these issues and further implementation of "one country, two systems" in Hong Kong will further demonstrate the strong vitality of the policy of "one country, two systems."

Now, people all over the country are working hard with full confidence towards the "two centenary goals" - to complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects when the Communist Party of China celebrates its centenary in 2021, and to turn China into a modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced and harmonious when the PRC marks its centenary in 2049 - as well as the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Continuously enriching and developing the practice of "one country, two systems" in the HKSAR and maintaining long-term prosperity and stability in the region are integral part of the Chinese dream. It is also a necessary requirement for improving and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics and promoting the modernization of the national governance system and governing capability. The central government will continue to work with the HKSAR government and the Hong Kong compatriots to fully and faithfully implement the principle of "one country, two systems" and the Basic Law, so as to further the development of all undertakings in Hong Kong. We are convinced that the HKSAR will advance steadily forward under the principle of "one country, two systems" and the Basic Law, and work hand in hand with the mainland toward a better future for the Chinese nation.

Appendix

I. Statistics of Hong Kong's Economic and Social Development

1. The Gross Regional Product (GRP) of Hong Kong rose from HK$1.37 trillion in 1997 to HK$2.12 trillion in 2013, an average annual growth rate of 3.4 percent.

2. The fiscal reserves of the HKSAR government had increased by 65.2 percent from HK$457.5 billion at the end of 1997 to HK$755.7 billion at the end of March 2014.

3. Hong Kong's foreign exchange reserves had grown by 3.35 times from US$92.8 billion at the end of 1997 to US$311.2 billion by the end of 2013.

4. According to the 2013 statistics released by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Hong Kong's GRP and per-capita GRP respectively ranked 35th and 7th in the world, as calculated by purchasing power parity (PPP).

5. As Hong Kong is a leading international banking center, 73 of the world's top 100 banks operate in Hong Kong.

6. As Asia's second-largest and the world's sixth-largest securities market, Hong Kong recorded a market capitalization of HK$24.04 trillion by the end of 2013. IPO funds raised by the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in 2013 totaled HK$166.5 billion, making Hong Kong the second-largest IPO market in the world.

7. Hong Kong's foreign exchange market scored an average daily turnover of US$274.6 billion in 2013, making it the fifth-largest foreign exchange market in the world.

8. According to the 2012 Financial Development Report released by the World Economic Forum in October 2012, Hong Kong's financial development index ranked top worldwide. Hong Kong ranked third in the Global Financial Centres Index published by the City of London Corporation in September 2013.

9. As the world's ninth-largest trading economy, Hong Kong is home to approximately 100,000 import and export companies, which trade with almost every country and region in the world.

10. Hong Kong's external merchandise trade grew by a factor of 2.48 from HK$3.07 trillion in 1997 to HK$7.62 trillion in 2013.

11. Hong Kong is one of the largest recipients of foreign direct investment (FDI). The World Investment Report 2013 released by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) shows that Hong Kong is the world's third-largest recipient of FDI. By the end of 2013, the total number of overseas companies registered in Hong Kong reached 9,258, an 83 percent increase over 1997. By June 2013, 1,379 foreign-funded companies in Hong Kong served as regional headquarters and 2,456 foreign representative offices served as regional offices, recording 52.7 percent and 52.5 percent increase respectively over that at the end of 1997.

12. As one of the largest container ports in the world, Hong Kong handled 22,288,000 ISO containers in 2013, 52.9 percent higher than in 1997.

13. Hong Kong is the world's fourth-largest ship registry. By the end of 2013, Hong Kong-registered ships numbered 2,327, totaling 86.43 million dwt.

14. The Hong Kong International Airport, from which more than 100 airlines operate flights, is the world's fifth-busiest passenger airport and has the world's most active air cargo operation. Its passenger traffic and cargo throughput in 2013 were 2.18 times and 2.53 times the 1998 figures, respectively.

15. Hong Kong ranked third among over 660 international port cities or regions in the 2013 Global International Shipping Center Index.

16. The HKSAR government's 2014-2015 budget recurrent expenditure on education is HK$67.13 billion, 21.8 percent of the government's total recurrent expenditure. The budget for expenditure on education is HK$75.37 billion, accounting for as high as 18.3 percent of the government's total expenditure budget and ranking first in all budget expenditure items. Hong Kong has been providing 12-year free education through public schools starting from the 2008/09 school year.

17. Since Hong Kong returned to China in 1997, institutions of higher learning that award local degrees have increased from 12 to 17, of which eight are funded by the government. The University of Hong Kong and the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology were among the top 10 in the Asia University Rankings released by Times Higher Education in 2013. The University of Hong Kong was ranked 43rd in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2013/14.

18. From the second quarter of 2000 to the third quarter of 2013, the percentage of people with post-secondary education in the entire employed population rose from 23.7 percent to 35.1 percent, and the percentage of those with higher education in the employed population increased from 14.5 percent to 26 percent. Hong Kong students remained high in the 2012 rankings of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). Hong Kong ranked third in the Global Index of Cognitive Skills and Educational Attainment published by education company Pearson in 2012.

19. In the 2014/15 fiscal year, the HKSAR government's budget expenditure on medical and health care reaches HK$52.4 billion, accounting for 17 percent of the government's recurrent expenditure.

20. By the end of 2012, all types of health facilities in Hong Kong had a total of 35,500 beds. Public medical facilities with 90 percent of their funding coming from the government comprise 38 public hospitals, 48 specialist clinics and 73 general out-patient clinics, with 64,000 employees and 27,000 beds. They provide 90 percent of the in-patient services and 30 percent of the out-patient services of Hong Kong.

21. Hong Kong's infant mortality rate, dropping to 1.6 per thousand in 2013 from 4 per thousand in 1997, is one of the lowest in the world. Hong Kong also enjoys one of the highest life expectancies in the world - 80.9 for men and 86.6 for women.

22. By June 2013, Hong Kong had, as a member of a Chinese government delegation or in other appropriate capacities, participated in activities of 41 international inter-governmental organizations limited to states. Among these organizations were the International Monetary Fund, World Bank, International Civil Aviation Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and International Criminal Police Organization. Hong Kong joined 37 international inter-governmental organizations not limited to states, including the World Trade Organization, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and World Meteorological Organization. Hong Kong had attended over 1,400 international conferences as a member of Chinese government delegations or in other appropriate capacities and over 20,000 international conferences not limited to states under the name of Hong Kong, China.

23. Each year, the HKSAR hosts an average of over 100 visits by foreign senior government officials and influential personages of academic circles and think tanks from all over the world. Many heads of state and heads of government have paid visits to or attended international conferences in Hong Kong. Hong Kong has hosted or co-hosted over 1,000 international conferences, such as the annual meetings of the World Bank Group and IMF, the Sixth WTO Ministerial Meeting, Telecom World of the International Telecommunication Union, Diplomatic Conference of the International Maritime Organization, Asian Regional Workshop of the World Intellectual Property Organization, and Asian-Pacific Postal Union Executive Council Meeting.

24. The HKSAR has signed visa waiver agreements with 42 countries, and 150 countries and regions have provided visa-free entry or visa upon arrival for HKSAR passport holders.

25. The HKSAR has signed civil air services agreements and civil air services transit agreements with 67 countries, double taxation avoidance agreements with 35 countries and regions, investment promotion and protection agreements with 17 countries, legal assistance in criminal matters agreements with 30 countries, transfer of fugitives agreements with 19 countries, and transfer of sentenced persons agreements with 13 countries.

26. The HKSAR government has established 11 economic and trade offices in Geneva, Brussels, London, Toronto, Tokyo, Singapore, Sydney, Washington D.C., New York, San Francisco and Berlin to promote Hong Kong's economic, trade, investment and public relations with relevant countries and regions.

27. There are 66 foreign consulates-general and 73 honorary consuls in Hong Kong. The European Commission, Bank for International Settlements, IMF, UN High Commissioner for Refugees, International Finance Corporation, and Hague Conference on Private International Law have offices in Hong Kong.

II. Statistics of Exchanges and Cooperation Between the Mainland and Hong Kong

1. The mainland is the largest trading partner of Hong Kong. According to Hong Kong statistics, in 2013 the trade volume between Hong Kong and the mainland reached HK$3.8913 trillion, 3.49 times over 1997 and accounting for 51.1 percent of Hong Kong's external trade.

2. Hong Kong is the most important trading partner of the mainland and one of the mainland's major export markets. According to the data from the General Administration of Customs, the mainland's exports to Hong Kong in 2013 totaled US$384.79 billion, constituting 17.4 percent of the mainland's total exports.

3. The mainland is the largest source of overseas direct investment for Hong Kong. By the end of 2013, direct investment from the mainland to Hong Kong had exceeded US$358.8 billion, accounting for nearly 60 percent of the mainland's total outbound direct investment.

4. Hong Kong is also the mainland's largest source of overseas direct investment. According to the data from the Ministry of Commerce, the mainland had approved nearly 360,000 projects with Hong Kong investment by the end of 2013, with US$665.67 billion paid-in investment, accounting for 47.7 percent of the total overseas investment in the mainland. Hong Kong is the largest recipient of the mainland's overseas investment as well as the mainland's largest financing center. By the end of 2013, the mainland's non-financial direct investment in Hong Kong had reached US$338.669 billion, taking up 59 percent of the mainland's total outbound non-financial direct investment.

5. By the end of 2013, the number of mainland enterprises listed in Hong Kong had reached 797, accounting for 48.5 percent of the total number of companies listed in Hong Kong. Their total market value had reached HK$13.7 trillion, accounting for 56.9 percent of the total value of the Hong Kong stock market.

6. By the end of 2013, RMB deposits and depository receipts in Hong Kong amounted to RMB1.05 trillion, an increase of 46 percent over 2012. RMB loans totaled RMB115.6 billion, and outstanding RMB bonds totaled RMB310 billion.

7. The Mainland/Hong Kong Science and Technology Co-operation Committee has, with the support of institutions of higher learning, research institutes and Hong Kong Science and Technology Parks, established 16 Partner State Key Laboratories, one Hong Kong branch of the Chinese National Engineering Research Center, and two National High-tech Industrialization Bases in Hong Kong. The Committee supports Hong Kong's institutions of higher learning in setting up research institutes in Shenzhen, Hong Kong's neighboring city on the mainland, and encourages Hong Kong's participation in key national science and technology programs.

8. Since 2010, four projects under the national 973 Program have been undertaken by Hong Kong's science and technology professionals and institutes, and have received total research and development funding of RMB160 million.

9. China's Chang'e-3 lunar lander and its Yutu rover landed on the moon in December 2013. The camera pointing system on Yutu was developed by experts from the Hong Kong Polytechnic University.

10. By the end of 2013, the number of academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering from Hong Kong had reached 39, including foreign nationals. In addition, 88 Hong Kong scientists had won 44 state science and technology awards, including the State Natural Science Award, State Scientific and Technological Progress Award and State Technological Invention Award.

11. Mainland students studying at institutions of higher learning in Hong Kong numbered 22,000 in the 2012/13 academic year. By October 2013, the number of Hong Kong students studying at institutions of higher learning in the mainland topped 14,000.

12. The University of Hong Kong, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Baptist University and City University of Hong Kong have worked with mainland universities in jointly holding academic programs and running institutions of higher learning. Universities in cities and provinces of Guangdong, Beijing, Shanghai, Zhejiang, and Fujian on the mainland have established over 400 pairs of sister-school partnerships with Hong Kong universities.

13. In 2009, Yueju opera, jointly nominated by Hong Kong, Macau and Guangdong Province, was officially inscribed on UNESCO's Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

14. In September 2011, with the support of the central government, Hong Kong Global Geopark was listed by UNESCO as part of its Global Geoparks Network.

15. Since the mainland and Hong Kong signed the Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA) in 2003, Hong Kong and the mainland have worked together in producing 322 films, accounting for 70 percent of mainland's total in such area. Moreover, 61 of the 322 co-productions topped RMB100 million each in box office receipts.




後後記：

嗜悲 在週日下午讀過 English version 找到了以下的一段：


Since the establishment of the HKSAR, the central government and the HKSAR government have unswervingly and steadily promoted Hong Kong's democratic political system, featuring the election methods for the chief executive and the Legislative Council, according to the Basic Law and relevant decisions of the NPC Standing Committee.


相信 “有線新聞” 所指的 “決定權” 就是這一段(Section III)中的：“relevant decisions of the NPC standing Committee” 吧，嗜悲 不是唸法律的未能給予 opinion 意見，各位兄姊可否予以賜教！



Last but not least ...... SCMP 刊出了 Law Society HK 律師會的會長 Ambrose Lam 林新強 就 “白皮書” 的意見，不過 林會長，都不敢說法官與司法機構員工，在就只是宣誓是否等於 “愛國”，持保留意見。


【SCMP】Law Society defends white paper on Hong Kong after harsh words from Bar Association


The Law Society endorsed Beijing's contentious white paper on Hong Kong yesterday as a "positive" document that reiterated the special administrative region's judicial independence and high degree of autonomy.

The verdict of the society, which represents more than 7,400 solicitors, was in sharp contrast to the Bar Association's strongly worded response to the paper last Wednesday.

The association argued Beijing was mistaken in its view that judges were "administrators" like the chief executive and top officials who had a "basic political requirement" to love the country, and criticised the contention that judges should consider national security and China's interests.

The white paper, released by the State Council last week, emphasised Beijing's "comprehensive jurisdiction" over Hong Kong, and said its autonomy was subject to Beijing's authority.

Law Society president Ambrose Lam San-keung said he believed the Bar Association's criticism of the white paper arose from differing definitions of "administration".

"Broadly speaking, [the administration] includes the executive and legislative branches, as well as the judiciary," Lam said.

"If you look at the US and British administrations, it is very clear that [they follow that broad definition]," Lam said.

He believes that the Bar Association could have interpreted "administrators" narrowly to include only the executive branch.

But legal-sector lawmaker Dennis Kwok of the Civic Party said Lam was playing with words. "Lam wasn't founding his [argument] on the idea of separation of powers, but saying that the powers … have to cooperate and understand the Basic Law correctly," Kwok said.

Lam said the city's judicial independence would not be damaged by the white paper, but sidestepped the question of whether judges must consider the national interest in their rulings.

"Hong Kong is very special, and 'one country, two systems' is unprecedented, so the local and central governments have to grope for answers on many questions, and I don't have one for you," Lam told reporters.！

He also accepted that swearing allegiance to Hong Kong, something already required of judges, might not satisfy Beijing's standard for patriotism. "Swearing allegiance is not some simple lip service," he said.


兩個香港最權威的法律團體較勁，HK Bar Association 和 HK Law Society 持不同法律觀點，真的是很有趣的課題，唸法律的兄姊難怪都賺的盆滿缽滿。


下午 師兄傳來一篇 《信報》文章，原來 會長林新強 是繞過 律師會 的 憲制及人權事務委員會，發表了自己的私人意見，卻裝著像是 律師會 的觀點，難怪 嗜悲 在 律師會網頁找不到官方版本。


【信報】律師會會長 林新強 的言論一石激起千重浪，據《信報》網站了解，律師會理事會仍有一份回應白皮書的聲明未處理，意味着林新強搶在律師會發聲明前搶先回應。

律師會憲制及人權事務委員會委員 任建峰 向《信報》網站表示，根據他的理解，理事會仍在處理有關白皮書的聲明。任建峰批評，如今理事會仍未決定同意、更改還是索性不發出聲明，林新強 搶在理事會決定前表態令理事會難堪，如同架空理事會、自由發揮。

任建峰又質疑，林新強今日表態支持，反佔中的教育局局長吳克儉，難以理解為何一個律師會會長會支持或反對一個政府官員，即使要評論，都應該由法律角度出發，而非道德批判。

另一個不願具名的律師會理事亦向《信報》網站指，認為 林新強 如個人意見，「理事會無傾過啲咁嘅嘢」。林新強今日在記者會上被問到事件時亦間接承認有聲明存在，但不評論是否有爭拗。


連 南華早報 SCMP 都在標題上寫上：Law Society Defends White Paper 。。。。律師會會長 林新強 的舉動，是否出於 “護主心態” 呢？其志可嘉下次授勳，應該有佢份喇卦！




伸延閱覽：
White Paper on the Practice of “One Country, Two Systems” Policy in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.(English & Chinese) HK Bar Association
大律師公會反駁白皮書：不應視法官為治港者 AM730
藝人發聲不滿白皮 AM730
袁國強：各級法官和司法人員就職宣誓擁護基本法和效忠特區體驗「愛國愛港」 大公報
備案 英文版寫法是「FOR THE RECORD」白皮書修改有「決定權」 有線新聞
《「一國兩制」在香港特別行政區的實踐》白皮書(全文) 大公報
Full text: Chinese State Council white paper on ‘One Country, Two Systems’ policy in Hong Kong SCMP
Law Society defends white paper on Hong Kong SCMP





我的舊文：
法律年度開啟典禮

偽麻甩佬

偽麻甩佬
溫馨提示：未夠 21歲不要繼續看



個 definition for “麻甩佬”


【維基百科】廣東話用嚟專門稱呼粗魯男人嘅俗語。

大清嗰陣，廣州有好多比利時籍傳教士醫人，每當有病人求醫，佢哋就會用法國話講「malade」，意思係「病人」。

啲廣州人以為「malade」係解男人，所以就有「麻甩」呢個字。加上當時廣州人對外國人冇乜好感，「麻甩」呢個字就有貶義喇。


前些時有網友談及：男人的浪漫 豆腐火腩飯 ，並指明是 麻甩佬 的 浪漫，偶然可以放鬆自己 麻甩一次，云云！


嗜悲 都有時想做吓 “麻甩佬”，而且頗為喜愛看 “麻甩佬” 電影，港產片最出位莫如 彭浩翔 的《低俗喜劇》





麻甩 可能很多人和 低俗 劃上等號，電影中 杜汶澤 + 鄭中基，這兩位可算麻甩佬電影的表表者，所以 嗜悲 也曾去看英文：Vulgaria 的 《低俗喜劇》 。






至於西片最有代表性的 “麻甩佬” 非 Adam Sandler 莫屬，還有 Ben Stiller 和 較年輕近年崛起的 Seth Rogen，較老牌的可以 count 埋 Jim Carrey 入埋去添。


嗜悲 好少扮高深去看藝術電影，其實真的沒有去看過，西方的：Tin Drum 錫鼓，Les quatre cents coups 四百擊，杜魯福，艾慕杜華，港產的：王家衛 的 花樣年華 etc etc 電影，更不曾不會在本網誌談及，將來也極之不似。


不過，Adam Sandler， Ben Stiller，Seth Rogan，和 Jim Carrey 的作品，都曾經在這 Blog 裡寫過不少次，他們主演的 “麻甩電影”。


Adam Sandler：
床邊睡前故事 Bedtime Stories， 凸務卡拉蘇 You Don't Mess With the Zohan， 命運自選台 Click， I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry。


Ben Stiller：
The Heartbreak Kid， 命運好好笑 Tropic Thunder， Night at the Museum 翻生侏羅館。


Seth Rogen：
男人患絕症：風雨同路兩枝公 50/50， 弊傢伙 搞大咗 Knocked Up。


Adam Sandler + Seth Rogen： 命運爛 Gag 王 Funny People （一時間找不到個 Link URL）


Jim Carrey：
『得』字定乾坤！Yes Man， 黑癲鵝先生 Mr. Popper's Penguins。


數落都唔少播 。。。。。。。哈哈哈哈哈哈！


講開又講 麻甩佬 和 麻甩戲，近日 嗜悲 就剛剛去看了 Seth Macfarlane 的 A million ways to die in the WEST 港譯：奪命西，玩屎、玩尿、兼夾 玩放屁，再加埋 Fuck Fuck Fuck 連場。


這段 Trailer 是美版的 有幾段預告片中的鏡頭 沒有出現在香港版的電影中 可能含有辱華成份被 censored 和諧了


【AM730】創下五億美元票房神話的《賤熊30》(Ted)班底，再次把小男孩變大英雄的故事搬上銀幕，發放笑彈為夏日加溫！

在《奪命西》(A Million Ways to Die in the West)身兼編導及主角的薛夫麥費蘭，跳入公仔箱到西部做牧羊男阿拔，電影的實景拍攝令觀眾返回1880年代的西部。在這個兵荒馬亂時代，有人的地方便會有槍，更有牧羊人、山賊和土著，而且該片有影帝影后級巨星坐鎮，齊齊做大反派，新鮮感十足。

話說 1880年代的西部住著一群瘋癲的族群，而且人人都充滿「殺」氣。惟獨住在小山丘上的阿拔(薛夫麥費蘭飾)性格溫和，卻被視為失敗者，得罪惡霸損失慘重後，更遭女友露意絲(雅曼達施菲 飾)拋棄，當他以為人生就是如此失敗時，神秘的女神槍手安娜(查理絲花朗 飾)卻突然在小鎮出現，喚起了阿拔振作的決心。

「冷面笑匠」營造笑位
正如電影英文片名《A Million Ways to Die in the West》，意指100萬種死法，電影中出現了多種不同的創意死法，主角身邊頻頻發生意外死亡事件，可見導演在場面調度上花了不少心思；戲劇效果方面，則利用主角誇張或呆滯的表情作反差效果，卻變成了硬滑稽。導演親身演繹主角「冷面笑匠」阿拔，同樣利用木無表情來營造笑位，但這個反差伎倆到電影中段已達飽和程度，令人厭倦。


西部成長小人物
阿拔的溫和與荒唐的西部本來格格不入，當眾人都以槍和武力解決紛爭時，阿拔卻只會動口不動手，連槍法都不及格，正正反映了現今社會現象──與眾人不同的人就是異類。這類非英雄人物，往往會發現常人不以為然的觀點，其獨有的處世方式，雖然未必能成為英雄，但只要找到心裡的據點，激發出勇氣，這種人也是能成大事的。阿拔的成功，不單是機緣巧合，必須在對的時間遇上對的人，特徵就要是具備勇氣，上天會以困難重重來驗證，最後便能脫胎換骨。

《奪命西》以電腦特效製造視覺效果，不玩搞笑賤格熊仔，卻玩死人加綿羊。兼備動物的可愛元素，《奪命西》的主角其實包括羊，值得一提的是，故事高潮特別以阿拔的內心世界勾起恐懼，畫面呈現了一個要他衝破心理關口的夢境，特效質素之高，有如《愛麗絲夢遊仙境》般趣怪而豐富，可見導演的幽默，而羊群是阿拔的麻煩，也是朋友，但他最後亦把會貶低身份的牧羊當作夢想，而片末的特技大場面具震撼力，以《澳大利亞》借力打力再幽一默。


有貶低女性之嫌
電影人物都呈現瘋狂狀態，而女主角和配角都較為溫和，但都以反派姿態出場，不但有有婦之夫背夫偷漢，還有拜金族見異思遷，反映現實同時有貶低女性之嫌。演員陣容上，有影后查理絲花朗、雅曼達施菲，而艾美獎得主莎拉蕭華雯亦表現出喜劇感。最令人匪夷所思的是阿拔的朋友，由莎拉蕭華雯飾演的妓女陸芙與她的男友有一段奇怪關係，故事線大玩宗教道德與愛情之間的矛盾，是片中最惹笑和最實在的感情線。

《奪命西》不是一部普通的西部牛仔電影，實際上是一部以現代童話式手法說故事的電影。其實主角阿拔就是日常生活中經常出現的隱蔽弱勢分子，以超現實的百萬種死法來包裝故事，最後合理地讓小男孩長大成為真正的英雄。

陳煥霏~香港城市大學創意媒體學院畢業，主修電視電影藝術製作，實際主力學睇戲。不甘平凡，衝動入了電影圈，落手落腳當起迷途幕後人。






繼 Ted 賤熊30 後，荷里活又多了一個麻甩佬明星 Seth Macfarlane，不過今次請來：Charlize Theron，Amanda Seyfried，Liam Neeson，Neil Patrick Harris，Giovanni Ribis，還有 Sarah Silverman，眾星拱照因為身價不同了。



又上次沒有去看 Adam Sandler 一人扮兩角的 Jack and Jill，但下月上映 Adam Sandler 第三度，與 Drew Barrymore 合演的 Blended 將會捧捧場，因為 Adam Sandler 繼續麻甩！


Trailer One



Trailer Two



Adam 和 Drew 今次部 Blended 已經演爸爸媽媽，各有一班仔女的單親家庭，再不回頭演例如：50 First Dates 的單身少男少女戲矣！


小弟 不大愛吃 豆腐火腩飯，故此 嗜悲 做不成麻甩佬，偶然吃一次只可以算是 1/4個麻甩佬，但頗愛看 麻甩佬 電影，加多 1/4是半個 麻甩佬，或者只可以稱是：”偽麻甩佬“ 啫！




後記：

當 searching for movie trailers 時，多年前在這裡談過的 《Rise of the planet of the Apes 港譯：猿人爭霸戰 猩凶革命》 的續集，2014 Dawn of the Planet of the Apes 經已拍完排了 July 11, 2014（不是獨立日 July 4th）在北美上映，至於香港嘛？！似乎要等到 聖誕節 吧！





上集 Rise of the planet of the Apes 港譯：猿人爭霸戰 猩凶革命 的 Trailer




到時 嗜悲 極有可能入場，容後再談。




伸延閱覽：
麻甩佬 維基百科
A Million Ways to Die in the West 維基百科
《奪命西》現代化西部黑色喜劇 AM730
Dawn of the Planet of the Apes 維基百科
Rise of the Planet of the Apes 維基百科



我的舊文：
自製浪漫：男人的浪漫？豆腐火腩飯！
My Movie Week II: 變形金剛 III and 猿人爭霸戰 猩凶革命

自我審查

自我審查



各位都知道，連鎖快餐店 “活活” 請了 麻甩星：杜汶澤 做代言人。

      男版

女版   

這位敢言的 杜先生，前些時日與內地的網友們，就台灣 “反服貿” 事件，發生了言語文字上的摩擦，致到由 杜先生 客串主演幾分鐘的電影 《香港仔》內地改名：《人間 小團圓》，都被內地同胞發起 “罷看”，攪到導演和投資者雞毛鴨血。


睇咗幾次都找不到 杜先生出現在預告片上


不過 嗜悲 不是講導演和投資者，在宣傳預告片上作出自我審查，而是 嗜悲 自己經歷過的親身體驗 。。。。。。。


在台灣 ”反服貿“ 發生不久之後，杜先生與國內同胞罵戰最激烈的一個星期後，剛巧有數位內地朋友到訪敝公司。最初兩天的午餐，由公司內高層三老闆，plus 與他們直接聯絡的單位 “科技資訊部” 老闆，分別設了一西一中宴會款待過之後。


有一天其中的兩位一男一女，被領到 嗜悲 服務的部門，老闆說他她們會在部門盤桓數天，了解及增進認知 System of Internal Control，Compensating Control Environment 和 Cross Checking and Verification 的整個流程互相監察，嗜悲 是個 “打雜”，這個 “重任” 當然指派到 嗜悲 頭上來。


那天時至中午放飯，這兩位貴賓竟然不是吃阿爺出公數，依據旅遊 ”車胎人美食指南“ 去吃一些香港名店，反而提議 嗜悲 帶他她們去吃港式快餐店，體會一吓香港中區打工仔，趕著吃中午飯的 experience 經歷喎。


嗜悲 內心盤算，本來想帶著他她們兩人，試試香港的連鎖快餐店 “活活” 出品 “厚切豬扒飯”，但一想到店內可能出現 杜先生 的大頭像作宣傳，恐怕會帶來不安或不滿，結果 嗜悲 就自我審查，決定轉了帶他她們去了 “樂樂” 吃。


嗜悲 內心估計 anyone 與內地有 connection 的，為了顧及內地有往還同事感情，無論在公在私上內地朋友，雖然不知道他她們怎樣評價 杜先生，也不便直接詢問他她們，或利用旁拷側擊嘗試試探，他她們的想法。為了避免尷尬出現，只好另作選擇吧，其實之後 嗜悲 專登去了幾次 “活活” 的不同店，已經不見了 杜先生 的大頭海布擺設了。


若不是今次發生了，以上這一番經歷，嗜悲 都不知道原來這個 “自我審查”，竟然這麽快這麽早，就臨到 嗜悲 頭上來！



利益申報：
本人沒持有 “樂樂” 和 拋空“活活” 的股票，並也沒有家人親戚是這兩家公司的員工的員工。今次的文字純屬自我的記錄，特此聲明。



後記：

這個週二北京發出了《一國兩制在香港特別行政區的實踐》白皮書

【明報專訊】白皮書全文約2.3萬字，包括前言、香港順利回歸祖國的歷程、特別行政區制度在香港的確立、香港特別行政區各項事業取得全面進步、中央政府全力支持香港特別行政區繁榮發展、全面準確理解和貫徹一國兩制方針政策、結束語以及附錄。

白皮書說，一國兩制作為一項新生事物，需要在實踐中不斷探索、開拓前進。回顧總結一國兩制在香港特別行政區的實踐歷程，全面準確地理解和貫徹一國兩制方針政策，有利於維護國家主權、安全和發展利益，有利於保持香港長期繁榮穩定，有利於繼續推動一國兩制實踐沿著正確的軌道向前發展。

白皮書說，憲法和香港基本法規定的特別行政區制度，是國家對某些區域採取的特殊管理制度。在這一制度下，中央擁有對香港特別行政區的全面管治權，既包括中央直接行使的權力，也包括授權香港特別行政區依法實行高度自治。對於香港特別行政區的高度自治權，中央具有監督權力。

白皮書稱，香港特別行政區成立以來，在中央政府和祖國內地的大力支持下，特區政府團結帶領香港各界人士，「充分發揮一國兩制的制度優勢，保持香港社會經濟政治大局穩定，推動各項事業向前發展，不斷取得新成就、新進步，包括：香港居民的基本權利和自由得到充分保護、民主政制依法穩步推進、經濟保持平穩發展、各項社會事業邁上新台階、對外交往和國際影響進一步擴大」。

白皮書還指出，中央政府始終高度重視香港的經濟發展和民生改善，全力支持香港應對各種困難和挑戰，在謀劃和推進國家整體發展戰略時充分發揮香港的作用，積極推動香港與內地開展交流合作，為香港保持繁榮穩定提供堅強後盾。


梁振英：「一國兩制」白皮書具積極作用




《白皮書》不早不遲，較正 6月 10日出台，北京之心態顯然易見，佔中 戴耀庭 和 公文袋 梁家傑 出來說了一些話，企圖淡化《白皮書》的影響！



區家麟：一分鐘讀懂白皮書


神聖的《基本法》，第二條本來是這樣寫的︰

「全國人民代表大會授權香港特別行政區依照本法的規定實行高度自治，享有行政管理權、立法權、獨立的司法權和終審權。」

經國務院〈香港白皮書〉的最新演繹《基本法》第二條其實是這樣的︰

「全國人民代表大會授權香港特別行政區依照本法及〈香港白皮書〉的規定實行高度自治，但高度自治不是完全自治、不是分權、中央授予多少權力，特區就享有多少權力，不存在剩餘權力；特區享有行政管理權，但中央擁有全面管理權；特區享有立法權，但中央有法律的監督權；特區有獨立的司法權和終審權，但中央有釋法權，而各級法院法官及司法人員要承擔維護國家主權、安全和發展利益的職責。」

權威演繹的最新基本法，僭建了、肥大了，有很多附注，有很多但書，二十多年前訂的基本法，未寫清楚，現在附上補充，真相大白。

你也許覺得很陌生，你也許覺得舊日的承諾煙消雲散，當初甜言蜜語，現在反轉豬肚，但米已成炊，現在就坦白告訴你，以我為主，權由我授，權由我收，還不明白嗎，那是因為你對基本法「有模糊認識和片面理解」。

當年，強調「兩制」之特殊地位，強調香港有權、強調自治，目的是要香港人留下，叫香港人放心；今天，強調「一國」是前提，強調中央有權，一國壓倒兩制，權在我手，給你的，不是承諾，只是賞賜。懂了沒有？



為了存檔 。。。。。。。。


【大公報】
全文：

一國兩制在香港特別行政區的實踐

中華人民共和國國務院新聞辦公室

2014年6月

目錄

前言

一、香港順利回歸祖國的歷程

二、特別行政區制度在香港的確立

三、香港特別行政區各項事業取得全面進步

四、中央政府全力支持香港特別行政區繁榮發展

五、全面準確理解和貫徹“一國兩制”方針政策

結束語

附錄


*****************************************************

●前言

“一個國家，兩種制度”是中國政府為實現國家和平統一而提出的基本國策。按照“一國兩制”方針，中國政府通過與英國政府的外交談判成功解決歷史遺留的香港問題，於1997年7月1日對香港恢復行使主權，實現了長期以來中國人民收回香港的共同願望。香港從此擺脫殖民統治，回到祖國懷抱，走上了與祖國內地優勢互補、共同發展的寬廣道路。

香港回歸祖國後，“一國兩制”由科學構想變成生動現實。中央政府嚴格按照香港基本法辦事，認真履行憲制責任，堅定支持香港特別行政區行政長官和政府依法施政；香港特別行政區依法實行高度自治，享有行政管理權、立法權、獨立的司法權和終審權，繼續保持原有的資本主義制度和生活方式不變，法律基本不變，繼續保持繁榮穩定，各項事業全面發展。“一國兩制”在香港日益深入人心，得到包括香港同胞在內的全國人民的衷心擁護和國際社會的廣泛好評。

“一國兩制”作為一項新生事物，需要在實踐中不斷探索、開拓前進。回顧總結“一國兩制”在香港特別行政區的實踐歷程，全面準確地理解和貫徹“一國兩制”方針政策, 有利於維護國家主權、安全和發展利益，有利於保持香港長期繁榮穩定，有利於繼續推動“一國兩制”實踐沿著正確的軌道向前發展。

●一、香港順利回歸祖國的歷程

20世紀80年代初，為實現國家和平統一，國家領導人鄧小平創造性地提出了“一國兩制”的科學構想，並首先用於解決香港問題。按照鄧小平的論述，“一國兩制”是指在一個中國的前提下，國家的主體堅持社會主義制度，香港、澳門、台灣保持原有的資本主義制度長期不變。

1982年12月4日，第五屆全國人民代表大會第五次會議通過並公佈施行的《中華人民共和國憲法》第三十一條規定：國家在必要時得設立特別行政區。在特別行政區內實行的制度按照具體情況由全國人民代表大會以法律規定。這體現了“一國兩制”構想，為中國政府在實現國家和平統一時，在某些區域設立實行不同於內地的制度和政策的特別行政區提供了直接的憲法依據。在經過深入的調查研究後，1983年初，中國政府就解決香港問題形成了十二條基本方針政策。“十二條”包括：1.中國政府決定於1997年7月1日對香港地區恢復行使主權。2.恢復行使主權後，根據憲法第三十一條規定，在香港設立特別行政區，直轄於中央人民政府，享有高度自治權。3.特別行政區享有立法權，有獨立的司法權和終審權。現行的法律、法令、條例基本不變。4.特別行政區政府由當地人組成。主要官員在當地通過選舉或協商產生，由中央人民政府委任。原香港政府各部門的公務、警務人員可予留任。特別行政區各機構也可聘請英國及其他外籍人士擔任顧問。5.現行的社會、經濟制度不變，生活方式不變。保障言論、出版、集會、結社、旅行、遷徙、通信自由和宗教信仰自由。私人財產、企業所有權、合法繼承權以及外來投資均受法律保護。6.香港特別行政區仍為自由港和獨立關稅地區。7.保持金融中心地位，繼續開放外匯、黃金、證券、期貨等市場，資金進出自由，港幣照常流通，自由兌換。8.特別行政區財政保持獨立。9.特別行政區可同英國建立互惠經濟關係。英國在香港的經濟利益將得到照顧。10.特別行政區可以“中國香港”的名義，單獨地同世界各國、各地區以及有關國際組織保持和發展經濟、文化關係，簽訂協議。特別行政區政府可自行簽發出入香港的旅行證件。11.特別行政區的社會治安由特別行政區政府負責。12.上述方針政策，由全國人民代表大會以香港特別行政區基本法規定之，50年不變。

1982年9月24日，鄧小平會見來訪的英國首相撒切爾夫人，闡明瞭中國政府對香港問題的基本立場，指出主權問題不是一個可以討論的問題，1997年中國將收回香港。在這個前提下，中英兩國磋商解決香港如何過渡得好以及15年後香港怎麼辦的問題。這標誌著中英關於香港問題的談判拉開序幕。1984年12月19日，中英兩國政府經過22輪談判後，在北京正式簽署《中華人民共和國政府和大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯合王國政府關於香港問題的聯合聲明》，確認中華人民共和國政府於1997年7月1日對香港恢復行使主權。中國政府還在聯合聲明中闡明以“十二條”為核心內容的對香港的基本方針政策。中英聯合聲明的簽署，標誌著香港進入回歸祖國前的過渡期。在13年的過渡期內，中國政府堅定不移地遵循“一國兩制”方針政策，緊緊依靠香港同胞，堅決排除各種干擾，有條不紊地推進對香港恢復行使主權的各項準備工作。

1985年4月10日，第六屆全國人大第三次會議決定成立中華人民共和國香港特別行政區基本法起草委員會，負責起草香港基本法。同年7月起草委員會開始工作，1990年2月完成起草任務，歷時四年零八個月。香港基本法的起草過程高度民主、開放，廣大香港同胞積極參與起草工作。在起草委員會59名委員中，來自香港各方面的人士有23名。起草委員會還委託香港委員在香港成立由180位各界人士組成的基本法諮詢委員會，廣泛收集香港社會各界的意見和建議。1988年4月，起草委員會公佈香港基本法（草案）徵求意見稿；1989年2月，全國人大常委會公佈香港基本法（草案），先後兩次在香港和內地廣泛徵求意見。香港和內地社會各界人士踴躍參與討論，其中，僅香港人士就提出近8萬份意見和建議。香港基本法體現了包括香港同胞在內的全體中國人民的共同意志，凝聚了廣大中華兒女的集體智慧。

1990年4月4日，第七屆全國人大第三次會議通過《中華人民共和國香港特別行政區基本法》，同時作出設立香港特別行政區的決定。香港基本法是根據憲法制定的基本法律，規定了在香港特別行政區實行的制度和政策，是“一國兩制”方針政策的法律化、制度化，為“一國兩制”在香港特別行政區的實踐提供了法律保障。鄧小平高度評價香港基本法，稱它是“具有歷史意義和國際意義的法律”，是“具有創造性的傑作”。

香港基本法頒布後，中國政府著手籌備成立香港特別行政區的工作。1993年7月，全國人大常委會設立香港特別行政區籌備委員會預備工作委員會（預委會）；1996年1月，全國人民代表大會香港特別行政區籌備委員會（籌委會）成立。預委會和籌委會為實現香港平穩過渡和政權順利交接做了大量工作。

1997年7月1日，中國政府對香港恢復行使主權，香港特別行政區成立，基本法開始實施。香港進入了“一國兩制”、“港人治港”、高度自治的歷史新紀元。作為祖國大家庭的一分子，香港同胞與內地民眾共享偉大祖國的尊嚴與榮耀，共擔中華民族偉大復興的責任和使命。

●二、特別行政區制度在香港的確立

憲法和香港基本法規定的特別行政區制度是國家對某些區域採取的特殊管理制度。在這一制度下，中央擁有對香港特別行政區的全面管治權，既包括中央直接行使的權力，也包括授權香港特別行政區依法實行高度自治。對於香港特別行政區的高度自治權，中央具有監督權力。

（一）中央依法直接行使管治權

根據憲法和香港基本法的規定，中央直接行使對香港特別行政區管治權的權力主體包括全國人民代表大會及其常委會、國家主席、中央人民政府、中央軍事委員會。全國人大決定香港特別行政區的設立，制定香港基本法以規定在香港特別行政區實行的制度，並擁有基本法的修改權。全國人大常委會擁有香港基本法的解釋權，對香港特別行政區行政長官產生辦法和立法會產生辦法修改的決定權，對香港特別行政區立法機關制定的法律的監督權，對香港特別行政區進入緊急狀態的決定權，以及向香港特別行政區作出新授權的權力。香港特別行政區直轄於中央人民政府，行政長官向中央人民政府負責，中央人民政府擁有任命行政長官和主要官員、依法管理與香港特別行政區有關的外交事務、向行政長官發出指令的權力。中央軍事委員會領導香港駐軍，履行防務職責，等等。中央依法履行憲法和香港基本法賦予的全面管治權和憲制責任，有效管治香港特別行政區。

——組建香港特別行政區政權機關。回歸前夕，香港特別行政區籌備委員會完成組建香港特別行政區第一屆政府推選委員會，推選委員會選舉董建華為香港特別行政區第一任行政長官人選，隨後中央人民政府任命其為特別行政區首任行政長官；推選委員會還選舉產生臨時立法會議員；首任行政長官董建華任命終審法院法官和高等法院首席法官。上述工作的完成，確保了中央在香港特別行政區成立時即實施有效管治。香港回歸後，中央人民政府先後任命經選舉產生的行政長官人選董建華、曾蔭權、梁振英為第二至第四任行政長官，還任免了歷屆香港特別行政區政府主要官員。國家領導人出席行政長官和政府主要官員就職典禮並監督他們宣誓。

——支持指導香港特別行政區行政長官和政府依法施政。行政長官每年向中央政府述職，報告基本法貫徹執行情況等須向中央政府負責的事項，國家領導人就貫徹落實基本法的重大事項對行政長官予以指導。中央政府設立國務院港澳事務辦公室作為國務院處理港澳事務的辦事機構，負責貫徹執行“一國兩制”方針政策和中央的有關指示，承擔與香港特別行政區政府的工作聯繫等職責；設立中央人民政府駐香港特別行政區聯絡辦公室作為中央政府駐港機構，履行聯繫外交部駐港特派員公署和香港駐軍、促進香港與內地各領域的交流與合作、聯繫香港社會各界人士、處理有關涉臺事務等職責。

——負責管理與香港特別行政區有關的外交事務。第一，支持香港特別行政區積極開展對外交往與合作。支持和協助香港以適當身份參與國際組織和國際會議。協助香港申辦各類重要國際會議，支持香港發展國際會展中心、區域法律服務和糾紛解決中心。支持推薦香港人士到國際組織任職，支持香港特別行政區護照在其他國家和地區獲得免簽待遇，支持香港特別行政區政府駐外經貿辦事處開展工作。第二，妥善處理國際條約在香港特別行政區的適用等條約法律問題。辦理香港新適用的多邊條約及修正案超過170項。授權香港對外締結投資保護、民航、稅收、司法協助類協定338項。協助香港接受國際公約履約審議。支持香港在經濟、貿易、金融、航運、通訊、旅遊、文化、體育等領域以“中國香港”的名義單獨同世界各國、各地區及有關國際組織保持和發展關係，簽訂和履行有關協議。授權和協助香港對外開展司法合作。第三，審批外國在香港特別行政區設立領事機構或其他官方、半官方機構。目前，外國在香港協議設立的總領事館達66個、名譽領事73位。第四，全力維護香港同胞在海外的安全與合法權益，積極開展涉港領事保護工作。據不完全統計，截至2013年底，中國駐外使領館共處理萬餘起涉港領保案。第五，防範和遏制外部勢力干預香港事務。香港事務是中國內政，針對個別國家的干預言行，中央政府及時通過外交渠道進行交涉。外交部在香港特別行政區設立特派員公署，處理外交事務。

——負責管理香港特別行政區的防務。經中央決定並於1996年1月組建中國人民解放軍駐香港部隊。1996年12月30日，第八屆全國人大常委會第二十三次會議通過《中華人民共和國香港特別行政區駐軍法》。1997年7月1日零時，香港駐軍進駐香港，依法履行防備和抵抗侵略、保衛香港特別行政區的安全，擔負防衛勤務，管理軍事設施，承辦有關的涉外軍事事宜等防務職責。香港駐軍堅持依法駐軍、依法治軍，認真完成各項防務任務，組織海空巡邏、海空難搜救演習、諸軍兵種聯合演習、跨營區機動演練等軍事行動，為維護國家主權和領土完整提供了有力保障。香港駐軍還踴躍參加香港社會公益活動，開展軍營開放、舉辦香港青少年軍事夏令營等活動，加強軍地互訪聯繫，增進香港駐軍與香港居民的相互了解和信任，充分展現了威武之師、文明之師的良好形象。

——行使憲法和香港基本法賦予全國人大常委會的職權。第一，對香港特別行政區立法機關制定的法律予以備案審查。截至2013年底，全國人大常委會收到香港特別行政區報請備案的法律共570件。第二，對香港基本法附件三所列在特別行政區實施的全國性法律作出增減決定。目前，共有12部全國性法律列入香港基本法附件三，並在香港實施。第三，對香港特別行政區作出新的授權。1996年，全國人大常委會即授權香港特別行政區政府指定其入境事務處為香港特別行政區受理國籍申請的機關，根據國籍法及其解釋規定對所有國籍申請事宜作出處理。2006年，全國人大常委會授權香港對深圳灣口岸港方口岸區依照特別行政區法律實施管轄。第四，對香港基本法作出解釋。全國人大常委會先後於1999年、2004年、2005年、2011年分別就香港永久性居民在香港以外所生中國籍子女等的居留權問題、行政長官產生辦法和立法會產生辦法修改的法律程序問題、補選產生的行政長官的任期問題和國家豁免原則等問題，對基本法及其附件的有關條款作出解釋。第五，對香港特別行政區政制發展問題作出決定。全國人大常委會2004年對香港特別行政區2007年行政長官和2008年立法會產生辦法有關問題作出決定；2007年對香港特別行政區2012年行政長官和立法會產生辦法及有關普選問題作出決定。第六，批准和備案香港特別行政區行政長官和立法會產生辦法修正案。2010年，批准香港特別行政區2012年行政長官產生辦法修正案，同意將2012年立法會產生辦法和表決程序修正案予以備案。第七，對香港特別行政區終審法院法官和高等法院首席法官的任命或免職進行備案，等等。此外，根據香港基本法和全國人大有關決定，1997年7月1日香港基本法實施時設立的全國人大常委會香港基本法委員會，由內地和香港人士共同組成，負責就香港特別行政區立法機關制定的法律是否符合基本法關於中央管理的事務及中央和香港特別行政區的關係的條款、對附件三所列適用於香港的全國性法律的增減以及基本法的解釋或修改等問題，向全國人大常委會提供意見。

（二）香港特別行政區依法實行高度自治

香港特別行政區成立後，保持原有資本主義制度和生活方式不變，法律基本不變。特別行政區依法保護私有財產權，保持自由港和單獨關稅區地位、保持財政獨立，實行獨立的稅收制度，自行制定經貿、金融和教科文衛體政策，等等。根據香港基本法和全國人大常委會關於處理香港原有法律的決定，香港原有法律，即普通法、衡平法、條例、附屬立法和習慣法，除同香港基本法相抵觸或經香港特別行政區立法機關作出修改者外，予以保留。在此基礎上，香港特別行政區依法實行高度自治，充分行使行政管理權、立法權、獨立的司法權和終審權。

香港特別行政區行政長官是特別行政區的首長，代表香港特別行政區，既對中央人民政府負責又對香港特別行政區負責。行政長官還是特別行政區政府的首長，依法履行基本法授予的領導特別行政區政府、負責執行基本法以及其他各項職權。行政長官在行使職權時須執行中央人民政府就香港基本法有關事項發出的指令。特別行政區政府由香港永久性居民依照基本法有關規定組成，設政務司、財政司、律政司和各局、處、署，行使基本法規定的制定和執行政策、管理各項行政事務等職權。特別行政區享有的行政管理權極為廣泛，涵蓋經濟、教育、科學、文化、體育、宗教、社會服務、社會治安、出入境管理等領域。此外，根據中央政府的授權，特別行政區還享有一定的對外事務權。

香港特別行政區立法會是特別行政區的立法機關，經選舉產生並根據基本法行使職權，包括根據基本法規定並依照法定程序制定、修改和廢除法律；根據政府的提案，審核、通過財政預算；批准稅收和公共開支等。特別行政區享有的立法權也極為廣泛，可以依照基本法制定民事、刑事、商事和訴訟程序等各方面適用於特別行政區的法律。特別行政區立法會制定的法律須報全國人大常委會備案。全國人大常委會在徵詢香港基本法委員會後，如認為特別行政區立法機關制定的任何法律不符合基本法關於中央管理的事務及中央和特別行政區的關係的條款，可將有關法律發回，但不作修改。經全國人大常委會發回的法律立即失效。

香港特別行政區各級法院是特別行政區的司法機關，依法獨立行使審判權。特別行政區成立後，設立終審法院行使特別行政區的終審權。原在香港實行的司法體制，除因設立終審法院而產生變化外，予以保留。原在香港實施的普通法及相關的司法原則和制度，包括獨立審判原則、遵循先例原則、陪審制度原則等延續實行。特別行政區法院對國防、外交等國家行為無管轄權，除繼續保持香港原有法律制度和原則對法院審判權所作的限制外，對特別行政區所有的案件均有審判權。特別行政區法院審判案件時可參考其他普通法適用地區的司法判例，終審法院可根據需要邀請其他普通法適用地區的法官參加審判。

●三、香港特別行政區各項事業取得全面進步

香港特別行政區成立以來，在中央政府和祖國內地的大力支持下，特別行政區政府團結帶領香港各界人士，攻堅克難，砥礪奮進，充分發揮“一國兩制”的制度優勢，保持香港社會經濟政治大局穩定，推動各項事業向前發展，不斷取得新成就、新進步。

——香港居民的基本權利和自由得到充分保護。香港居民依法享有的基本權利和自由，受到憲法、香港基本法以及香港本地法律的充分保障。憲法和香港基本法從憲制層面確保了香港特別行政區居民的基本權利和自由，香港特別行政區還通過實施《性別歧視條例》、《種族歧視條例》、《個人資料（私隱）條例》、《獨立監察警方處理投訴委員會條例》、《最低工資條例》等法例，為香港居民的權利和自由提供進一步保障。特別行政區政府設立平等機會委員會、個人資料私隱專員公署、申訴專員公署、法律援助署、獨立監察警方處理投訴委員會、法律援助服務局、婦女委員會、扶貧委員會等多個機構，協助推廣、保護居民的基本權利和自由。

此外，香港基本法明確規定，香港特別行政區居民中的中國公民依法參與國家事務的管理。根據全國人大確定的名額和代表產生辦法，由香港居民中的中國公民選出香港特別行政區的全國人大代表，參加最高國家權力機關的工作。香港特別行政區先後舉行四屆全國人大代表選舉，每屆均由具有廣泛代表性的全國人大代表選舉會議選舉產生36名代表。中國人民政治協商會議歷來重視吸收香港同胞參加，除特邀香港人士界別外，其他一些界別也吸收香港社會代表性人士。政協第十二屆全國委員會特邀香港人士界別有香港地區委員124人，其他16個界別有香港地區委員82人。

——民主政制依法穩步推進。香港回歸前，英國委派總督在香港實行了150多年的殖民統治。回歸後，香港特別行政區政府和立法機關由當地人組成。行政長官在當地通過選舉或協商產生，由中央人民政府任命；立法機關由選舉產生。香港基本法明確規定行政長官和立法會全部議員最終由普選產生，使之成為法定目標。香港特別行政區成立以來，中央政府和香港特別行政區政府堅定不移地按照香港基本法和全國人大常委會有關決定的規定，推動以行政長官產生辦法和立法會產生辦法為主要內容的民主政制循序漸進向前發展。

行政長官選舉的民主程度不斷提高。第一任行政長官人選經400人組成的推選委員會選舉產生，第二任至第四任行政長官人選經選舉委員會選舉產生，選舉委員會的規模由800人增至1200人。選舉委員會由“工商、金融界”，“專業界”，“勞工、社會服務、宗教等界”以及“立法會議員、區議會議員的代表、鄉議局的代表、香港特別行政區全國人大代表、香港特別行政區全國政協委員的代表”四大界別人士按相同比例組成，體現了均衡參與，具有廣泛代表性。

立法會選舉的直選因素不斷增加。1998年選舉產生的第一屆立法會包括20名分區直接選舉的議員，30名功能團體選舉的議員和10名選舉委員會選舉的議員。2000年選舉產生的第二屆立法會包括24名分區直接選舉的議員，30名功能團體選舉的議員和6名選舉委員會選舉的議員。2004年選舉產生的第三屆立法會和2008年選舉產生的第四屆立法會，分區直接選舉的議員和功能團體選舉的議員各為30名。2012年第五屆立法會選舉時，立法會議員人數增加至70人，分區直接選舉的議員和功能團體選舉的議員各為35名，其中新增加的5個功能團體選舉議席由區議會議員提名、並經全港原來沒有功能團體選舉權的選民一人一票選舉產生。

設定普選時間表。2007年12月29日，第十屆全國人大常委會第三十一次會議決定，2017年香港特別行政區第五任行政長官的選舉可以實行由普選產生的辦法；在行政長官由普選產生以後，香港特別行政區立法會的選舉可以實行全部議員由普選產生的辦法，為行政長官和立法會全部議員普選設定了時間表。2013年12月4日至2014年5月3日，香港特別行政區政府就2017年行政長官和2016年立法會產生辦法進行為期5個月的公眾諮詢，啟動了實現普選的有關程序。

——經濟保持平穩發展。整體經濟保持增長。1997年至2013年，香港本地生產總值年均實質增長3.4%，人均本地生產總值按美元累計增長39.3%。根據國際貨幣基金組織2013年數據，按購買力平價（PPP）計算，香港本地生產總值位居全球第35位，人均本地生產總值位居全球第7位。

國際金融、貿易、航運中心地位得以保持和提升。香港是重要的國際銀行中心、全球第六大證券市場和第五大外匯市場。在多項國際金融中心的世界排名中，香港位居前列。香港是全球第九大貿易經濟體，與世界上幾乎所有的國家和地區保持貿易聯繫。香港是全球最大的集裝箱港口之一和第四大船舶註冊中心。香港國際機場是世界最繁忙的航空港之一，客運量位居全球第五位，貨運量多年高居全球首位。

傳統優勢產業不斷鞏固和發展。貿易及物流、旅遊、金融、專業服務及其他工商業支援服務四大支柱產業繼續發揮重要作用。2012年，四大產業增加值共佔香港本地生產總值的58%，吸納就業人數佔總就業人數的47.2%。香港還著力培育和發展文化及創意、創新及科技、檢測認證、環保等產業。

營商環境保持良好。香港是全球公認的最自由經濟體之一。在世界銀行對全球185個經濟體營商環境的排名中，香港多年位居前列。根據聯合國貿易和發展會議《2013年世界投資報告》，香港在吸收外來直接投資方面位居全球第三位。在瑞士洛桑國際管理髮展學院《世界競爭力年報》排名中，香港多年來都被評為全球最具競爭力經濟體之一。

——各項社會事業邁上新臺階。教育事業在亞太地區保持領先地位。香港特別行政區政府持續加大對教育投入，2014－2015財政年度教育總支出預算為753.7億港元，是政府開支的第一大項目。2008－2009學年開始在公營學校實施十二年免費教育。根據英國泰晤士高等教育研究機構公佈的2013年亞洲大學排行榜，香港大學、香港科技大學進入前十名；2013－2014年世界大學排名中，香港大學名列第43位。在反映基礎教育水準的“國際學生評估（PISA）” 2012年全球測試中，香港繼續名列前茅。

醫療衛生事業不斷進步。2014－2015財政年度用於醫療服務的財政預算支出524億港元，佔政府經常開支的17%。香港居民可平等享受價格低廉的公立醫院服務。截至2012年底，香港各類醫療衛生機構共有病床3.55萬張。香港嬰兒死亡率由1997年的4?下降至2013年的1.6?，是全球嬰兒死亡率最低的地方之一。2013年香港男性與女性的預期壽命分別為80.9歲及86.6歲，是全球預期壽命最高的地方之一。

文化、體育事業蓬勃發展。香港中外文化薈萃，特別行政區政府鼓勵文化藝術多元發展，促進相互交流。香港已有潮人盂蘭勝會、大坑舞火龍、大澳端午龍舟遊涌、長洲太平清醮等4個獨有項目被列入第三批國家級非物質文化遺產名錄。香港2008年協辦北京奧運會馬術比賽項目，2009年主辦第五屆東亞運動會。帆板、乒乓球、自行車、武術等項目的運動員在奧運會、世錦賽、亞錦賽等國際賽場上屢創佳績。

社會保障逐步完善。香港特別行政區政府在社會福利方面的開支總額由1997－1998財政年度的204億港元增長到2014－2015財政年度預算的619億港元，增長了2.03倍。香港已形成多層次、多元化的社會保障和福利服務體系。社會服務機構共有400多家，註冊社工從1998年底的8300名發展到目前的1.8萬多名。特別行政區政府還積極推動公共房屋建設，協助基層市民入住公共房屋，資助市民自置居所。香港約有一半市民居住在政府提供或資助的房屋，其中超過200萬人租住公共房屋，100多萬人居住在政府資助的自置房屋。

——對外交往和國際影響進一步擴大。對外聯繫更加廣泛。截至2013年6月，香港以中國政府代表團成員或其他適當身份參與以國家為單位參加的共41個政府間國際組織相關活動，參加不限主權國家參加的政府間國際組織37個。香港以中國政府代表團成員身份或其他適當身份參加有關國際會議1400多次，以“中國香港”名義參加不以國家為單位參加的國際會議2萬餘次,共舉辦或協辦國際會議1000多次。香港特別行政區已與42個國家簽署互免簽證協議，150個國家和地區單方面給予特別行政區護照持有人免簽或落地簽待遇。香港特別行政區還與多個國家簽署了民用航空運輸、避免雙重徵稅、促進和保護投資、刑事司法協助等協定。香港特別行政區政府在日內瓦、倫敦、東京、紐約、柏林等11個地方設立了駐外經濟貿易辦事處。歐盟委員會等6個國際組織在香港設立了代表機構。

傑出專業人士擔任國際組織重要職位。在中央政府的大力支持下，香港特別行政區政府衛生署原署長陳馮富珍女士2006年11月當選為世界衛生組織總幹事，並於2012年5月成功連任，是聯合國成立以來第一位擔任政府間國際組織最高負責人的中國人；香港天文臺臺長岑智明先生2010年2月當選為世界氣象組織航空氣象學委員會主席。

●四、中央政府全力支持香港特別行政區繁榮發展

中央政府始終高度重視香港的經濟發展和民生改善，全力支持香港應對各種困難和挑戰，在謀劃和推進國家整體發展戰略時充分發揮香港的作用，積極推動香港與內地開展交流合作，為香港保持繁榮穩定提供堅強後盾。

（一）支持香港特別行政區應對風險和挑戰

——支持香港應對亞洲金融危機。1997年亞洲金融危機爆發並迅速蔓延，港元受到國際投機勢力狙擊，香港金融市場動蕩，與美元掛鉤的聯繫匯率制度遭受衝擊，金融體系的穩定受到嚴重威脅。中央政府鄭重宣佈，將不惜一切代價維護香港特別行政區的繁榮穩定，堅決支持香港特別行政區政府維護聯繫匯率制度，堅持人民幣不貶值。在中央政府的支持下，香港特別行政區政府採取果斷措施，維護了金融和社會的穩定。

——支持香港抗擊非典。2003年上半年，非典疫情肆虐香港，不僅危及香港同胞的生命健康，而且使尚未完全擺脫亞洲金融危機影響的香港經濟雪上加霜，通貨緊縮，市場蕭條，失業率上升至8.7%。為保障香港同胞生命安全，幫助香港經濟走出低迷，中央政府及時伸出援助之手。在內地同樣急需抗疫醫藥物資的情況下，中央政府無償向香港提供大批抗疫藥品和器材。國家領導人親赴香港疫情重災區和醫院視察慰問。當年6月29日，內地與香港簽署《內地與香港關於建立更緊密經貿關係的安排》（CEPA），確定了兩地在貨物貿易、服務貿易和貿易投資便利化三個領域的開放措施和實施目標。隨後又實施內地居民赴香港“個人遊”政策。這些都為香港擺脫非典衝擊、恢復經濟增長注入“強心劑”。

——支持香港應對國際金融危機。2008年下半年國際金融危機爆發後，中央政府高度關注香港受到的影響，當年12月即推出支持香港經濟金融穩定發展的14項政策措施。2009年1月，中央政府再次推出包括中國人民銀行與香港金融管理局簽署2000億元人民幣貨幣互換協議在內的一系列政策舉措。此後，國家領導人在訪問香港期間又先後宣佈多項支持香港發展經濟、改善民生，加強與內地交流合作的政策措施。這對提振港人信心、增強抵禦風險能力、刺激香港經濟復蘇發揮了積極作用。

（二）支持香港特別行政區鞏固和提升競爭優勢

——支持香港國際金融、貿易、航運中心發展。支持香港開展個人人民幣業務、發行人民幣債券、開展跨境貿易人民幣結算試點等，奠定了香港人民幣離岸市場的先發優勢。繼續鼓勵內地企業在香港上市融資，並推出其他支持香港金融業發展的措施。2013年，香港人民幣清算平臺參加行共有216家；經香港處理的跨境貿易人民幣結算金額為3.84萬億人民幣，佔全部跨境貿易人民幣結算總額的82.9%；香港人民幣客戶存款及存款證餘額突破1萬億元人民幣。香港已成為全球最大的離岸人民幣業務中心。繼2003年簽署CEPA並於2004年1月實施後，內地與香港陸續簽署和實施了10個補充協議。內地對原產於香港的產品全部實行零關稅。截至2013年底，在貨物貿易方面，CEPA項下內地自香港進口商品額為71.61億美元，關稅優惠39.83億元人民幣；在服務貿易方面，共採取403項開放措施。按照世界貿易組織貿易分類標準，通過CEPA及其補充協議，內地對香港服務貿易開放的部門達到149個，涉及目前服務貿易部門總數的93.1%，這是目前內地商簽的開放程度最高的自由貿易協議。此外，廣東服務業對香港開放的先行先試措施達82項。中央政府在編制《全國沿海港口佈局規劃》和《“十二五”綜合交通運輸體系規劃》等規劃時，均考慮了鞏固和發展香港國際航運中心的需要。

——支持香港旅遊、零售業及內地港資企業發展。中央政府應香港特別行政區政府請求，逐步擴大“個人遊”試點城市，目前已達49個城市，超過3億人口。截至2013年底，內地共有1.29億人次的遊客通過“個人遊”方式到香港旅遊。據香港特別行政區政府測算，2012年“個人遊”為香港帶來相當於本地生產總值1.3%的增加值，創造了超過11萬個職位，佔本地整體就業的3.1%。為更多地惠及香港中小商戶和基層市民，中央政府還允許香港居民在內地開辦個體工商戶。截至2013年底，內地共註冊香港個體工商戶5982戶，從業人員16476人。中央政府高度重視在內地的香港加工貿易企業的發展，積極支持和幫助內地港資企業轉型升級。2009年，廣東省出臺了30條支持港澳台資企業應對國際金融危機和加快轉型升級的政策措施。2011年12月，中央政府出臺《關於促進加工貿易轉型升級的指導意見》，在蘇州、東莞等地開展加工貿易轉型升級示範區和試點城市建設，並在中西部地區培育建設44個梯度轉移重點承接地。

（三）支持香港特別行政區與內地加強各領域的交流合作

香港回歸以來，中央政府把保持香港繁榮穩定作為國家整體發展戰略的重要內容。“十五”、“十一五”規劃綱要明確提出要保持香港的長期繁榮穩定，鞏固和加強香港國際金融、貿易、航運中心地位。“十二五”規劃綱要首次將涉港澳內容單獨成章，並進一步明確香港在國家發展中的戰略地位，強調國家支持香港鞏固提升競爭力、支持香港培育新興產業、深化內地與香港經濟合作。

——支持香港特別行政區與內地深化經貿合作。CEPA及其補充協議的實施，有力消除香港與內地在貿易、投資等方面的制度性障礙，深化了兩地經貿關係，拓寬了兩地合作領域，實現了兩地互利共贏。目前，內地是香港最大的貿易夥伴。2013年，據香港統計，香港與內地的貿易額38913億港元，比1997年增長2.49倍，佔香港對外貿易總額的51.1%。同時，香港是內地最重要的貿易夥伴和主要出口市場之一。香港還是內地最大的境外融資中心。截至2013年底，在香港上市的內地企業797家，佔香港上市公司總數的48.5%；在香港上市的內地企業總市值13.7萬億港元，佔香港股市總市值的56.9%。此外，內地與香港還互為外來直接投資的最大來源地。截至2013年底，內地對香港直接投資超過3588億美元，佔內地對外直接投資總額的近六成；內地累計批准港商投資項目近36萬個，實際使用港資累計6656.7億美元，佔內地累計吸收境外投資的47.7%。

——支持香港特別行政區與內地各省、自治區、直轄市特別是廣東省加強區域合作。中央政府批准設立粵港合作聯席會議、泛珠三角區域合作與發展論壇。批准實施《珠江三角洲地區改革發展規劃綱要（2008－2020年）》、《橫琴總體發展規劃》、《前海深港現代服務業合作區總體發展規劃》、《廣州南沙新區發展規劃》，批准廣東省與香港特別行政區簽署《粵港合作框架協議》，明確粵港合作的重點領域，構建珠海橫琴新區、深圳前海深港現代服務業合作區、廣州南沙新區三大合作平臺，促進粵港兩地共同打造更具綜合競爭力的世界級城市群和世界先進製造業、先進服務業基地。還批准香港特別行政區與北京市、上海市建立區域合作機制，支持香港特別行政區政府在內地設立辦事機構。香港特別行政區政府除在北京設立辦事處外，還先後在廣州、上海、成都、武漢設立經濟貿易辦事處，在深圳、重慶、福州設立聯絡處，促進了香港與內地有關地方的經貿合作以及其他方面的交流。

——支持香港特別行政區與內地跨境基礎設施建設和人員、貨物通關便利化。深圳灣公路大橋於2007年建成通車，成為內地與香港間第4條陸路通道。2009年開工、預計2016年建成的港珠澳大橋，東接香港、西接珠海和澳門，將成為連接珠江東西兩岸新的公路運輸通道。廣深港高速鐵路全線建成通車後，香港將與全國高速鐵路網對接。內地與香港的所有水、陸貨運口岸均已實現查驗結果完全互認。2013年內地訪港旅客4075萬人次，比1997年增長16.3倍。香港同胞進入內地人數也從1997年的3977萬人次增至2013年的7688萬人次。

——支持香港特別行政區與內地加強教育、科技、文化等領域交流合作。支持香港與內地高校開展跨地招收學生；支持香港與內地高校合作辦學；支持兩地教師、學生開展交流。支持香港高等院校、科研機構和香港科技園等建立國家重點實驗室夥伴實驗室、國家工程技術研究中心香港分中心和國家高新技術產業化基地；支持香港高校在深圳設立研究院；支持香港科技工作者和機構申請國家科技研發項目、推動國家重大科技項目向香港開放。2005年，內地與香港簽署《內地與香港特別行政區更緊密文化關係安排協議書》，在文化保育、產業發展和交流等方面展開全面合作。支持香港、澳門與廣東共同申報並成功將粵劇列入聯合國教科文組織《人類非物質文化遺產代表作名錄》；支持香港西貢地質公園成功申報為世界地質公園；支持香港與內地合拍電影，自CEPA簽署以來香港與內地合拍影片共322部，佔內地與境外合拍影片總量的70%。支持兩地在體育人才交流、培養、訓練等方面展開闔作，邀請香港運動員參加全國運動會等賽事。支持香港與內地在中醫中藥發展、醫療衛生管理、傳染病疫情通報和防治，以及突發公共衛生事件通報和緊急合作等方面開展交流合作。

——支持香港特別行政區政府與中央政府有關部門建立交流合作機制。香港特別行政區政府與中央政府有關部門建立了不同領域、不同層級的交流合作機制，協調、推進相關工作。比如，設立CEPA聯合指導委員會，監督CEPA的執行並解決執行過程中的問題，擬定CEPA內容的補充及修訂等；在出入境管理、海關、檢驗檢疫、金融、公共衛生、旅遊等領域建立合作機制，相互溝通情況，共同處置突發事件，打擊違法行為等。此外，為加強對深圳前海深港現代服務業合作區、廣州南沙新區、珠海橫琴新區開發建設的指導、協調和服務，中央政府還建立了促進廣東前海南沙橫琴建設部際聯席會議制度，香港特別行政區政府是成員單位之一。這些機制為促進香港與內地的互利合作、處理共同關注的區域發展和治理問題發揮了積極作用。

（四）確保對香港基本生活物資的安全穩定供應

受自然環境限制，香港所需的淡水、蔬菜、肉禽等基本生活物資主要由內地供應。自20世紀60年代初內地開通供應香港鮮活冷凍商品的“三趟快車”並建設東深供水工程以來，中央政府和有關地方全力保障對香港食品、農副產品、水、電、天然氣等的供應。截至2013年底，香港市場活豬95%、活牛100%、活雞33%、河鮮產品100%、蔬菜90%、麵粉70%以上由內地供應，供港食品合格率一直保持在較高水準。2013年，廣東按照與香港新修訂的協議對香港供應淡水6.06億立方米。自1994年起，大亞灣核電站向香港供電，每年供電量佔全港電力總消耗的四分之一。2013年，內地向香港供應天然氣25.31億立方米。

●五、全面準確理解和貫徹“一國兩制”方針政策

“一國兩制”是一項開創性事業，對中央來說是治國理政的重大課題，對香港和香港同胞來說是重大歷史轉折。在香港特別行政區各項事業取得全面進步的同時，“一國兩制”在香港的實踐也遇到了新情況新問題，香港社會還有一些人沒有完全適應這一重大歷史轉折，特別是對“一國兩制”方針政策和基本法有模糊認識和片面理解。目前香港出現的一些在經濟社會和政制發展問題上的不正確觀點都與此有關。因此，要把“一國兩制”在香港特別行政區的實踐繼續推向前進，必須從維護國家主權、安全、發展利益，保持香港長期繁榮穩定的根本宗旨出發，全面準確理解和貫徹“一國兩制”方針政策，把堅持一國原則和尊重兩制差異、維護中央權力和保障特別行政區高度自治權、發揮祖國內地堅強後盾作用和提高香港自身競爭力有機結合起來，任何時候都不能偏廢。

（一）全面準確把握“一國兩制”的含義

“一國兩制”是一個完整的概念。“一國”是指在中華人民共和國內，香港特別行政區是國家不可分離的部分，是直轄於中央人民政府的地方行政區域。中華人民共和國是單一制國家，中央政府對包括香港特別行政區在內的所有地方行政區域擁有全面管治權。香港特別行政區的高度自治權不是固有的，其唯一來源是中央授權。香港特別行政區享有的高度自治權不是完全自治，也不是分權，而是中央授予的地方事務管理權。高度自治權的限度在於中央授予多少權力，香港特別行政區就享有多少權力，不存在“剩餘權力”。同時，憲法明確規定國家的根本制度是社會主義制度，並規定了國家的基本制度、領導核心和指導思想等制度和原則。堅持一國原則，最根本的是要維護國家主權、安全和發展利益，尊重國家實行的根本制度以及其他制度和原則。

“兩制”是指在“一國”之內，國家主體實行社會主義制度，香港等某些區域實行資本主義制度。“一國”是實行“兩制”的前提和基礎，“兩制”從屬和派生於“一國”，並統一於“一國”之內。“一國”之內的“兩制”並非等量齊觀，國家的主體必須實行社會主義制度，是不會改變的。在這個前提下，從實際出發，充分照顧到香港等某些區域的歷史和現實情況，允許其保持資本主義制度長期不變。因此，國家主體堅持社會主義制度，是香港實行資本主義制度，保持繁榮穩定的前提和保障。香港繼續保持原有的資本主義制度，依照基本法實行“港人治港”、高度自治，必須在堅持一國原則的前提下，充分尊重國家主體實行的社會主義制度，特別是尊重國家實行的政治體制以及其他制度和原則。內地在堅持社會主義制度的同時，要尊重和包容香港實行的資本主義制度，還可以借鑒香港在經濟發展和社會管理等方面的成功經驗。在“一國”之內，“兩種制度”只有相互尊重，相互借鑒，才能和諧並存，共同發展。

（二）堅決維護憲法和香港基本法的權威

憲法和香港基本法共同構成香港特別行政區的憲制基礎。憲法作為國家的根本法，在包括香港特別行政區在內的中華人民共和國領土範圍內具有最高法律地位和最高法律效力。香港基本法是根據憲法制定的、規定香港特別行政區制度的基本法律，在香港特別行政區具有憲制性法律地位。香港特別行政區的制度和政策均以香港基本法的規定為依據；香港特別行政區立法機關制定的任何法律，均不得同香港基本法相抵觸。香港特別行政區行政、立法、司法行為都必須符合香港基本法；在香港特別行政區的個人以及一切組織和團體都必須以香港基本法為活動準則。同時，香港基本法作為全國性法律，在全國範圍內適用。

全面把握、整體理解香港基本法的各項規定。香港基本法的所有規定都是香港特別行政區制度的有機組成部分，條文之間不是孤立的，而是相互聯繫的，必須把香港基本法的每個條文放在整體規定中來理解，放在香港特別行政區制度體系中來把握。香港基本法實施的實踐說明，孤立地理解香港基本法的個別條文，強調一個方面而忽略另一個方面，就會產生歧義甚至認識上的偏差，香港基本法的實施就會受到嚴重衝擊；全面地理解香港基本法的各項規定，就會看到特別行政區制度的各個組成部分共同構成有機整體，對香港居民的基本權利和自由、對香港的繁榮穩定發揮著保障作用。

尊重和維護全國人大及其常委會對香港基本法的修改權和解釋權。香港基本法規定，香港基本法的解釋權屬於全國人民代表大會常務委員會，修改權屬於全國人民代表大會。香港基本法同時規定，香港特別行政區法院在審理案件時可對基本法中香港特別行政區自治範圍內的條款自行解釋，也可對其他條款解釋。這種解釋權來源於全國人大常委會的授權。如果香港特別行政區法院在審理案件時需要對香港基本法關於中央政府管理的事務或中央和香港特別行政區關係的條款進行解釋，而該條款的解釋又影響到案件的判決，在對該案件作出不可上訴的終局判決前，應由香港特別行政區終審法院提請全國人大常委會作出解釋。如全國人大常委會作出解釋，香港特別行政區法院在引用該條款時，須以全國人大常委會的解釋為準。這與香港特別行政區的法律地位是一致的。全國人大常委會依法行使基本法解釋權是維護“一國兩制”和香港法治的應有之義，既是對特別行政區執行基本法的監督，也是對特別行政區實行高度自治的保障。

完善與香港基本法實施相關的制度和機制，有利於更好地維護香港基本法的權威。香港基本法實施以來，已經建立完善了一系列與之相關的制度和機制，包括在行政長官產生辦法和立法會產生辦法的修改方面，確立了行政長官向全國人大常委會提出報告、全國人大常委會作出決定、立法會通過、行政長官同意及全國人大常委會批准或備案的“五步曲”法律程序；在基本法解釋方面，建立了全國人大常委會主動釋法、行政長官向國務院作出報告並由國務院提請全國人大常委會釋法以及特別行政區終審法院提請全國人大常委會釋法等有關程序和工作機制；在特別行政區立法方面，明確了全國人大常委會處理特別行政區法律備案的工作程序；在特別行政區與內地司法協助方面，達成了相互送達民商事司法文書、相互認可和執行仲裁裁決和部分民商事判決等一系列安排；在行政長官向中央政府負責方面，形成了行政長官向中央述職的制度安排。隨著“一國兩制”實踐不斷發展，香港基本法實施不斷深入，必然要求繼續完善與香港基本法實施相關的制度和機制，特別是要著眼香港的長治久安，把香港基本法規定的屬於中央的權力行使好，使中央與香港特別行政區的關係切實納入法制化、規範化軌道運行。

（三）堅持以愛國者為主體的“港人治港”

“港人治港”是有界限和標準的，這就是鄧小平所強調的必須由以愛國者為主體的港人來治理香港。對國家效忠是從政者必須遵循的基本政治倫理。在“一國兩制”之下，包括行政長官、主要官員、行政會議成員、立法會議員、各級法院法官和其他司法人員等在內的治港者，肩負正確理解和貫徹執行香港基本法的重任，承擔維護國家主權、安全、發展利益，保持香港長期繁榮穩定的職責。愛國是對治港者主體的基本政治要求。如果治港者不是以愛國者為主體，或者說治港者主體不能效忠於國家和香港特別行政區，“一國兩制”在香港特別行政區的實踐就會偏離正確方向，不僅國家主權、安全、發展利益難以得到切實維護，而且香港的繁榮穩定和廣大港人的福祉也將受到威脅和損害。

愛國者治港也是具有法律依據的。憲法和香港基本法規定設立香港特別行政區，就是為了維護國家的統一和領土完整，保持香港長期繁榮穩定。因此，香港基本法規定特別行政區行政長官、主要官員、行政會議成員、立法會主席及立法會百分之八十以上的議員、終審法院和高等法院的首席法官，都必須由在外國無居留權的香港永久性居民中的中國公民擔任；行政長官、主要官員、行政會議成員、立法會議員、各級法院法官和其他司法人員在就職時必須依法宣誓擁護中華人民共和國香港特別行政區基本法，效忠中華人民共和國香港特別行政區；行政長官必須就執行基本法向中央和特別行政區負責。這是體現國家主權的需要，確保治港者主體效忠國家，並使其接受中央政府和香港社會的監督，切實對國家、對香港特別行政區以及香港居民負起責任。

（四）堅定支持行政長官和特別行政區政府依法施政

作為特別行政區和特別行政區政府的“雙首長”，行政長官是香港貫徹落實“一國兩制”方針政策和基本法的第一責任人。中央政府始終堅定不移地支持行政長官和特別行政區政府依法施政，團結帶領香港社會各界人士集中精力發展經濟，切實有效改善民生，循序漸進推進民主，包容共濟促進和諧。

發展經濟、改善民生，是廣大香港市民的共同願望，是香港特別行政區解決社會矛盾、維護大局穩定的重要基礎，是行政長官和特別行政區政府依法施政的主要任務。當前，香港正處於發展的關鍵時期，挑戰和機遇並存。香港需要抓住機遇，努力解決經濟社會發展中存在的突出問題，進一步鞏固和提升自身的競爭優勢，保持經濟社會平穩發展，增進香港居民民生福祉。祖國內地始終是香港的堅強後盾。

中央政府繼續支持香港特別行政區依照基本法的規定循序漸進發展符合香港實際情況的民主政制。行政長官最終達至由一個有廣泛代表性的提名委員會按民主程序提名後普選產生，立法會最終達至全部議員由普選產生，這是中央政府作出的莊重承諾，並體現在香港基本法的規定和全國人大常委會的有關決定中。中央政府真誠地支持香港的民主政制向前發展。行政長官和立法會普選制度必須符合國家主權、安全和發展利益，符合香港實際，兼顧社會各階層利益，體現均衡參與的原則，有利於資本主義發展，特別是要符合香港特別行政區作為直轄於中央人民政府的地方行政區域的法律地位，符合香港基本法和全國人大常委會有關決定的規定，經普選產生的行政長官人選必須是愛國愛港人士。只要香港社會各界按照上述原則務實討論，凝聚共識，就一定能夠實現行政長官和立法會全部議員最終由普選產生的目標。

香港是一個自由開放多元的社會，也是中外交融的國際商業都市。維護社會和諧穩定，不僅符合香港社會各階層、各界別、各方面以及外來投資者的共同利益，也是保持香港作為國際金融、貿易、航運中心地位的重要條件。中央政府將繼續鼓勵和支持香港社會各界發揚包容共濟、尊重法治、維護秩序的優良傳統，以國家的根本利益和香港的整體利益、長遠利益為依歸，求同存異、互諒互助，在愛國愛港旗幟下實現最廣泛的團結，不斷鞏固社會和諧穩定。

（五）繼續推動內地與香港交流合作

香港與內地日益緊密的交流合作，拓寬了香港與內地優勢互補、共同發展的道路。香港可以充分利用內地廣闊的市場腹地和豐富的要素資源，把握國家快速發展的機遇，從中獲得巨大的發展空間和不竭的發展動力。香港通過繼續鞏固、提升既有優勢，可以進一步發揮作為國家引進外資、人才，吸收借鑒國際先進技術和管理經驗的窗口作用，國家實施“走出去”戰略的橋梁作用，對內地加快轉變經濟發展方式的助推作用，以及對內地創新經濟社會管理方式的借鑒作用。

隨著香港與內地交往的密切，兩地民眾之間的相互了解逐漸加深，香港同胞對國家的認同和向心力不斷增強。香港同胞更加關心國家發展，在積極參與國家現代化建設的同時，熱心投入內地扶貧、教育、婦女兒童保護等公益事業。當內地遭受重大自然災害時，香港同胞慷慨相助，大力支援搶險救災和災後重建工作，與內地民眾共克時艱。這充分顯示出香港同胞與內地民眾血濃於水的親情。

中央政府將繼續支持香港特別行政區政府與中央政府有關部門、內地有關地方建立更加密切的工作聯繫，支持香港同胞與內地民眾開展更加緊密的交往，支持香港在國家全面深化改革和對外開放中發揮獨特作用，推動香港與內地開展更加廣泛、深入的交流合作，齊心協力建設中華民族共同家園。



●結束語

“一國兩制”在香港特別行政區的實踐，取得了舉世公認的成功。實踐充分證明，“一國兩制”不僅是解決歷史遺留的香港問題的最佳方案，也是香港回歸後保持長期繁榮穩定的最佳制度安排。堅定不移地推進“一國兩制”事業，是包括香港同胞在內的全體中華兒女的共同願望，符合國家和民族根本利益，符合香港的整體和長遠利益，也符合外來投資者的利益。

在繼續推進“一國兩制”事業的新征程上,既要堅持全面準確地理解和貫徹“一國兩制”方針政策，確保“一國兩制”實踐沿著正確的軌道前進，又要積極有效應對香港在發展中面臨的困難和挑戰。面對內外經濟環境的深刻調整和變化，香港需要不斷提升競爭力；香港長期積累的一些深層次矛盾日益突出，需要社會各界群策群力共同化解；香港與內地交流合作不斷深入，需要加強彼此間的溝通協調，妥善處理民眾關切。同時，還要始終警惕外部勢力利用香港干預中國內政的圖謀，防範和遏制極少數人勾結外部勢力干擾破壞“一國兩制”在香港的實施。研究解決好這些問題，深化“一國兩制”在香港特別行政區的實踐，必將進一步彰顯“一國兩制”的強大生命力。

當前，全國人民正滿懷信心地為實現“兩個一百年”的奮鬥目標和中華民族偉大復興的中國夢而努力奮鬥。不斷豐富和發展“一國兩制”在香港特別行政區的實踐，保持香港長期繁榮穩定，是中國夢的重要組成部分，也是完善和發展中國特色社會主義制度，推進國家治理體系和治理能力現代化的必然要求。中央政府將一如既往地與香港特別行政區政府和廣大香港同胞一道，全面準確貫徹“一國兩制”方針政策和香港基本法，進一步推動香港特別行政區各項事業的發展。我們堅信，香港特別行政區必將繼續沿著“一國兩制”方針和香港基本法的軌道穩步前進，與祖國內地共同開創中華民族更加美好的明天。




●附錄

（一）香港經濟社會發展有關情況

1.香港本地生產總值由1997年的1.37萬億港元增長至2013年的2.12萬億港元，年均實質增長3.4%。

2.香港特別行政區政府財政儲備由1997年底的4575億港元增長至2014年3月底的7557億港元，增長65.2%。

3.香港外匯儲備由1997年底的928億美元增長至2013年底的3112億美元，增長了2.35倍。

4.根據國際貨幣基金組織2013年數據，按購買力平價（PPP）計算，香港本地生產總值位居全球第35位，人均本地生產總值位居全球第七位。

5.香港是重要的國際銀行中心，世界排名前100位的銀行中有73家在香港營業。

6.香港是亞洲第二大和全球第六大證券市場，2013年底香港股市總市值達24.04萬億港元，在香港進行的首次公開招股集資總額達1665億港元，居全球第二位。

7.香港是全球第五大外匯市場，2013年外匯市場日均成交額2746億美元。

8.根據世界經濟論壇2012年10月發佈的《2012年金融發展報告》，香港金融業發展指數位居全球首位；在英國倫敦金融城公司2013年9月公佈的“全球金融中心指數”排名中，香港位居全球第三位。

9.香港是全球第九大貿易經濟體。香港有約10萬家專業進出口公司，與世界上幾乎所有的國家和地區保持貿易聯繫。

10.2013年香港對外商品貿易總額達7.62萬億港元，比1997年的3.07萬億港元增長1.48倍。

11.香港是全球最重要的外來直接投資目的地之一。根據聯合國貿易和發展會議《2013年世界投資報告》，香港在吸收外來直接投資方面位居全球第三位。截至2013年底，在香港註冊的海外公司有9258家，比1997年底增加83%；截至2013年6月，外資駐港地區總部有1379家，比1997年增加52.7%；截至2013年6月，外資駐港地區辦事處有2456家，比1997年增加52.5%。

12.香港是全球最大的集裝箱運輸港口之一，2013年共處理標準集裝箱2228.8萬個，比1997年增長52.9%。

13.香港是全球第四大船舶註冊中心，截至2013年底，在香港註冊的船舶有2327艘，總噸位達8643萬噸。

14.香港國際機場是世界最繁忙的航空港之一，全球超過100家航空公司在此運營，客運量位居全球第五位，貨運量多年高居全球首位，2013年航空貨運、客運量分別比1998年增長1.53倍和1.18倍。

15.根據2013年“全球國際航運中心競爭力指數”，香港在660多個港口城市（區域）中排在第三位。

16.香港特別行政區2014－2015財政年度用於教育的經常開支預算為671.3億港元，佔政府經常開支總額的21.8%，教育總支出預算為753.7億港元，佔政府開支總額的18.3%，是政府開支的第一大項目。2008－2009學年，香港已在公營學校實施十二年免費教育。

17.香港頒授本地學位的高等教育院校由回歸前的12所增加至17所，其中8所大學接受政府財政資助。根據英國泰晤士高等教育研究機構公佈的2013年亞洲大學排行榜，香港大學、香港科技大學進入前十名；2013－2014年世界大學排名中，香港大學名列第43位。

18.從2000年第二季度到2013年第三季度，香港擁有專上教育程度的就業人口占全部就業人口的比重從23.7%提高到35.1%，其中，擁有大學學位的就業人口占全部就業人口比重從14.5%提升至26%。反映基礎教育水準的“國際學生評估（PISA）”公佈2012年全球測試排名，香港繼續名列前茅；在英國培生集團2012年公佈的全球教育系統排名中，香港位居全球第三位。

19.2014－2015財政年度，香港特別行政區政府用於醫療服務的財政預算支出524億港元，佔政府經常開支的17%。

20.截至2012年底，香港各類醫療衛生機構共有病床3.55萬張。其中，90%以上的經費由政府財政撥款的公營醫療系統現有包括38間公立醫院和醫療機構、48間專科門診及73間普通科門診，共有6.4萬名僱員、2.7萬張病床，提供約佔全港九成的住院醫療服務和三成門診醫療服務。

21.香港嬰兒夭折率由1997年的4?下降至2013年的1.6?，是全球嬰兒夭折率最低的地方之一。2013年香港男性與女性的預期壽命分別為80.9歲及86.6歲，是全球預期壽命最高的地方之一。

22.截至2013年6月，香港以中國政府代表團成員或其他適當身份參與以國家為單位參加的共41個政府間國際組織相關活動，包括國際貨幣基金組織、世界銀行、國際民用航空組織、聯合國糧農組織、國際刑警組織等；參加不限主權國家參加的政府間國際組織37個，包括世界貿易組織、亞太經濟合作組織、世界氣象組織等。香港以中國政府代表團成員身份或其他適當身份參加有關國際會議1400多次，以“中國香港”名義參加不以國家為單位參加的國際會議2萬餘次。

23.香港特別行政區平均每年接待外國政要和學術界、智庫等有影響人士來訪上百次。許多國家的元首和政府首腦曾訪問香港或在香港出席國際會議。香港共舉辦或協辦國際會議1000多次，包括國際貨幣基金組織和世界銀行年會、世界貿易組織第六次部長級會議、國際電信聯盟世界電信展、國際海事組織外交大會、世界知識產權組織區域研討會和亞洲太平洋郵政聯盟執行理事會年會等。

24.香港特別行政區已與42個國家簽署互免簽證協議，150個國家和地區單方面給予特別行政區護照持有人免簽或落地簽待遇。

25.香港特別行政區與67個國家簽署了民用航空運輸及民用航空運輸過境協定，與35個國家和地區簽署了避免雙重徵稅協定，與17個國家簽署了促進和保護投資協定等，與30個國家簽署了刑事司法協助協定，與19個國家簽署了移交逃犯協定，與13個國家簽署了移交被判刑人協定。

26.香港特別行政區政府在日內瓦、布魯塞爾、倫敦、多倫多、東京、新加坡、悉尼、華盛頓、紐約、舊金山、柏林等地設立了11個駐外經濟貿易辦事處，促進香港與有關國家和地區的經貿、投資利益及公共關係。

27.外國在香港協議設立的總領事館達66個、名譽領事73位。歐盟委員會、國際清算銀行、國際貨幣基金組織、聯合國難民事務高級專員署、國際金融公司、海牙國際私法會議等國際組織在香港設立了6個代表機構。

（二）內地與香港交流合作有關情況

1.內地是香港最大的貿易夥伴。據香港統計，2013年，香港與內地的貿易額達38913億港元，比1997年增長2.49倍，佔香港對外貿易總額的51.1%。

2.香港是內地最重要的貿易夥伴和主要出口市場之一。據海關總署統計，2013年，內地對香港出口額達3847.9億美元，佔內地出口總額的17.4%。

3.內地是香港外來直接投資的最大來源地。據香港統計，截至2013年底，內地對香港直接投資超過3588億美元，佔內地對外直接投資總額的近六成。

4.香港是內地最大的外商直接投資來源地。據商務部統計，截至2013年底，內地累計批准港商投資項目近36萬個，實際使用港資累計6656.7億美元，佔內地累計吸收境外投資的47.7%。香港是內地最大的境外投資目的地和融資中心。截至2013年底，內地對香港非金融類累計直接投資為3386.69億美元，佔內地對外非金融類累計直接投資存量總額的59%。

5.截至2013年底，在香港上市的內地企業達797家，佔香港上市公司總數的48.5%；在香港上市的內地企業總市值達13.7萬億港元，佔香港股市總市值的56.9%。

6.2013年底，香港人民幣客戶存款及存證餘額達1.05萬億元人民幣，同比增長46%；人民幣貸款餘額1156億元人民幣，未償還的人民幣債券餘額3100億元人民幣。

7.內地與香港科技合作委員會依託香港高等院校、科研機構和香港科技園，分別建立了16個國家重點實驗室夥伴實驗室、1個國家工程技術研究中心香港分中心和2個國家高新技術產業化基地，支持香港高校在深圳設立研究院，推動國家重大科技項目向香港開放。

8.2010年以來，香港科技工作者和機構已成功申請國家973計劃項目4項，獲得研發資助1.6億元人民幣。

9.2013年12月，搭乘“嫦娥三號”月球探測器成功登月的“玉兔月球車”，使用了香港理工大學專家研發的相機指向系統。

10.截至2013年底，香港共有中國科學院院士、中國工程院院士39人（包括外籍院士），88位香港科學家作為主要人員分別獲得國家自然科學獎、國家科學技術進步獎、科技發明獎等44個國家科技獎項。

11.2012－2013學年，在香港高校就讀的內地學生約2.2萬人；截至2013年10月，在內地高校就讀的香港學生逾1.4萬人。

12.香港大學、香港中文大學、香港理工大學、香港浸會大學、香港城市大學等分別與內地高校聯合辦學或舉辦高等教育機構。廣東、北京、上海、浙江、福建等省（市）與香港建立了400餘對姊妹學校。

13.2009年，香港、澳門與廣東共同申報並成功將粵劇列入聯合國教科文組織《人類非物質文化遺產代表作名錄》。

14.2011年9月，在中央政府支持下，香港西貢地質公園成功申報為聯合國教科文組織認可的世界地質公園。

15.自CEPA簽署以來，香港與內地合拍影片共322部，佔內地與境外合拍影片總量的70%，其中票房收入超過1億元人民幣的影片共有61部。


嗜悲 當然沒有時間去讀完整篇《白皮書》，不過留下全文作證，在有需要翻查時可以有根有據。


香港特別行政區《基本法》，2014年 6月 10日基本上已經被《白皮書》取代了，為了之後又再肥大增加演繹，根據北京做出更多的解釋權，添加無限新意甚至創意，還可以作一比較之用途。




伸延閱覽：
香港仔 alias 人間 小團圓 維基百科
白皮書：中央對港擁全面管治權 MSN 中文
區家麟：一分鐘讀懂白皮書 港文集
《「一國兩制」在香港特別行政區的實踐》白皮書(全文) 大公報
Full text: Chinese State Council white paper on ‘One Country, Two Systems’ policy in Hong Kong SCMP




我的舊文：
First they came 。。。。。劉進圖被斬

成魔之路

成魔之路



人之初 性本善 還是 性本惡，未有定論！


性惡～可以利用教化，化惡性，控制惡，就算不成聖成佛，起碼收斂害人之心！（金庸小說中 裘千仞 被 南帝 段王爺 一燈大師 點化 改名 “慈恩”。）


性善～後天遭遇不幸，生活變遷，化善為惡，惡由心生，成賊成魔 。。。。。。。被社會遺忘了的一家，最終將由社會負責償還！（正如人類破壞環境，開山劈石改導河流，水土流失弄至山泥傾瀉泥石流，河流每年氾濫成災，地球病入膏肓。） There will be paid back time！！！


【頭條日報】「叔叔，我肚餓嘅，但係我食唔落。」孤身照顧一對兒女的婦人，疑產後抑鬱前晚以菜刀狂砍歲半女兒後頸十多刀，頭顱幾乎斬甩，事後被警方拘捕；婦人的九歲 兒子面對妹妹慘死、母親被捕的變故，境況堪憐，連接辦兇案的探員也忍不住流下同情淚。

深水埗榮昌邨斬死歲半女兒謀殺案，警方目前仍扣留死者三十七歲姓朱母親，她昨晚已被落案控以一項謀殺罪，今日在九龍城法院缺席提訊。朱婦的丈夫昨午亦與警方聯絡，傍晚與探員帶大袋零食，到醫院探望九歲兒子。

女童父親現身　攜零食探子
據稱，林與朱婦前年協議分居，他搬到深圳居住並有新歡，前晚在內地工作故未接到警方電話，及後發現多個來自警方、社署和房署的訊息，林昨午隨即返港了解事件。林聲稱任拆櫃散工，月入僅六、七千元，平日留宿新界貨倉，間中會返回榮昌邨前妻家中過夜，並非不理會妻兒。

「叔叔我肚餓 但食唔落」
調查這宗駭人謀殺案的一名鐵漢柔情探員，在現場面對失去妹妹，母親被捕的坎坷遭遇，不禁流下熱淚。 「自從舊年中秋開始，我就無見過爸爸啦。」父親失蹤後，九歲姓林男童一直與母親和歲半妹妹相依為命，為他錄取口供的探員，事後在手機以短訊向同袍吐露心情：「唔知點解，撈咗二十六年，接過無數咁多單老謀（淨係一四已經係第四單），呢單好心噏， 响現場一路做一路想喊。」

他指，案中遇害女童很趣致，被媽媽在頸上斬十多刀，頭幾乎斬甩，事發時女童兄長在屋外，他無論身形、年紀都與自己的幼子相似。「個細路好乖，好平靜，好詳細咁答我哋嘅問題，我好唔忍心問」，男童一晚之間失去妹妹，媽媽面對無限期醫院令，將來會怎樣無人可預料。「我問佢你肚餓嘛？佢話叔叔，其實我肚餓架，但係我食唔落，我聽完個心好痛」，探員其後入屋為他執拾一些替換衣服，男童要求「可唔可以幫我執埋套運動衫，我聽日要上運動堂」，此時探員無法自控，別過臉，眼淚忍不住流出來。

探員：一路做一路想喊
該名探員在兇案單位工作至凌晨四時，準備執拾離開，他因極度疲累坐到女疑兇的床上，（他指因為全屋都是血，實在找不到其他地方坐），但望著整間屋，沒有冷氣，只得兩把風扇仔，連一張全家合照都欠奉，日曆紙寫著「忍，退一步海闊天空」，相信是母親字跡。

探員望著女童（死者）的衫仔、鞋仔，以及遇害前玩的積木散落一地，就像疑兇的家庭一樣散了，頓時感到心痛，「小朋友有咩罪？」完成調查，探員心情久久未能平復，是他當差二十六年來從未試過，「自問不嬲以鐵石心腸、心狠手辣見稱，做任何case（案件），老謀、綁架撕票，更兇殘，更核凸，更血淋淋嘅現場，從來未試過可以影響我心情，但今次 。。。。唉，可能真係老咗。」但探員稱，雖然事件是一宗悲劇，只希望令他人明白活在當下，珍惜眼前人。

【頭條日報】年僅九歲的「傑仔」因上補習班遲一步回家，雖逃過一劫，但目睹母親涉斬死親妹，心頭震撼，可能是其一生最慘痛時刻。前路茫茫令他變得沉默無言，昨見父親探望即輕聲說：「爸爸我好攰啦，你走先啦！」不過，他仍希望得到父愛，要求父親今日帶零食再探望。

案發後，傑仔被送往明愛醫院兒科病房，暫由醫護人員照顧，他一夜間失去胞妹，母親被捕送往青山醫院，可能終身接受治療，不能再照顧他。傑仔弱小心靈面對前路一片茫然，未知日後命運如何，平日活潑開朗的小子，變得垂頭嘆氣，雖然醫護人員加以安慰，但無法令他釋懷。

傑仔父親昨午到長沙灣警署提供資料後，由探員送往明愛醫院探望兒子，並先往買餅乾零食給傑仔。林父以潮人打扮，左手中指戴戒指，左小腿有一個頗大的蛇盤劍紋身。

叫爸爸「你走先啦」
他探望兒子後稱，傑仔平時活潑開朗，探員在場時表現還好，但探員離開，父子相處時，傑仔變得沉默，看似心事重重。兒子主動向父說：「爸爸我好啦，你走先啦！」林父見兒弱小心靈受創，大為痛心，唯有先離去，幸傑仔要求他今日再來探望，還要求他帶點零食，相信父子親情還在，稍為安心。

傑仔自從父母分居，已有一段時間未見父親，沒想到遭逢慘劇，兩父子在醫院相見，日後是否跟隨父親生活，抑或由社署安排，前途未卜。

香港家庭及事業發展服務訓練總監司徒漢明表示，傑仔身世可憐，未來須由社署、老師、父親和有關人士開會商議出一個對他最好的福利，未必因其父有撫養權而決定其前途。不過，傑仔經此家庭巨變，身心受創必須給予輔導及長時間監管，才能令他恢復信心，重建人際關係重過新生。


傑仔 比一般九歲的小男孩鎮定，表面很平靜得有些反常，還記得要求探員幫忙，帶體育運動衫褲第二天上課。遇到如此家庭鄰理巨劫，傑仔 還鎮定準備第二天如常返學。


見到父親表現疏離，沒有出現激動的情緒，推說很攰叫父親明天再來。報章報導自從去年中秋，父親沒有出現過，而且家中沒有一幅全家的照片，可見於母親和妹妹生活期間的孤立狀況！


何去何從？將來 傑仔 會被判予 父親 撫養？交給法庭認為可靠親戚教養？給予社會保護由社福機構管教？再轉介寄養家庭生活？


所謂專家意見，是否真的能夠幫助 傑仔 健康正常成長？可以成功把今次的家庭鄰理大悲劇，化為動力努力學習，成為人傑出人頭地。or 將來沒人知道，傑仔的人際相處結識異性沒有困難，婚姻生活是否完全沒有受到影響 。。。。。以後的 傑仔 成仁！成傑！成賊？成魔？


最不希望是同一位老差骨，在十多二十年後，在臨退休前再寫下：『我親手槍殺了 “傑仔” ，一位去我曾經為他留下男兒淚的九歲小孩，如今卻是殺人冇數的 “大魔頭”！』 。。。。嗜悲 是一向悲觀的！



後記：

【頭條日報】深水埗榮昌邨歲半女遭砍殺的悲劇，單親母面對法庭審判，遺下九歲長子傑仔，他將來歸宿，全城關注。

傑仔生父昨天表示有意照顧兒子，重過新生活，但這名父親能否如願以償，仍要社會福利署准許，該署表示，須與男童的親人會面，再徵詢專家的意見，以及詢問傑仔的意願，經這三個步驟才會決定傑仔應否交由父親照顧。

斬女案件昨天在九龍城裁判法院提堂，傑仔母親朱麗琴被控一項謀殺罪，涉嫌謀殺歲半女兒林澤莉，被告目前在青山醫院留醫，案件押後到六月十一日提堂，待醫生確認被告適合出庭再審訊，被告九歲大的兒子傑仔，由社署安排入院接受觀察。

傑仔生父林志權，三十六歲，報稱任拆櫃散工，月入七千，去年中秋節起，他疑離家拋棄妻子和子女，遷往內地居住。據悉，他有一名女友長居內地，此事令剛誕下女嬰的妻子傷心不已，產後抑鬱症日益變差。

傑仔讀小四　文靜守規矩
傑仔就讀深水埗天主教善導小學四年級，成績中等，性格文靜守規矩，與同學相處融洽，是校內公益少年團的成員。該校甄主任表示，曾在本學年內兩次家長會見過傑仔的母親，印象中她情緒沒有問題，但從未見過林父的蹤影。

爸爸：想湊返個仔
林父昨午返回深水埗寓所，離開時手挽綠色環保袋，聲稱回家替傑仔執拾日用品。他表示，不覺得傑仔抗拒自己，又說會「湊返個仔」，但二人不會返回案發寓所居住，稍後再安排容身之所。

傑仔恐陷劫後壓抑
身兼香港身心創傷療瘉中心總監的心理治療師潘偉儀指，常人面對恐懼會作出三種反應：反抗（fight）、逃走（flight）及嚇呆（freeze），「相信傑仔正處於嚇呆的狀態，壓抑整件慘劇，現時需要找出他熟悉和信任的親人或老師，陪伴及安慰他。」潘偉儀說，旁人應避免叫他堅強，或向他分析事件，應讓他抒發情緒。

社署整合親友專家意見
社署發言人指，署方需時與男童的親人會面，再齊集專家展開「多專業個案會議」，討論男童長遠的福利計劃，計劃落實前，男童將交由醫院照顧。

執業律師黃國桐認為，這宗慘劇事態嚴重，認為社署應以傑仔的福祉出發，有責任向法庭申請保護令，剝奪林父作為監護人的權利，又指若林父決心取回傑仔的撫養權，日後須在法庭證明自己有能力照顧兒子。有社工表示，要看林父與傑仔的關係，不應貿然把傑仔交回父親。

註冊社工李月華表示，若傑仔的父母還未辦妥離婚手續，林父仍是傑仔的合法監護人，認為社署很大機會批准林父照顧傑仔。她說，小孩與父母分離，會讓孩子有被遺棄的感覺，但認為若二人關係已轉差，林父不獲傑仔信任，父子勉強一起生活，非對傑仔最好的選擇。


社工們會不會是幫兇呢？





伸延閱覽：
妹亡母被捕 男童苦無依 頭條日報
傑仔：爸爸我好攰 頭條日報
孤雛何去何從 頭條日報



我的舊文：
Looper 港譯：時凶獵殺 ～ 因果遁還 成魔成佛
殺死自己是被自殺？介紹電影 Looper 港譯：時凶獵殺